switching feasible sets reliability and transmission planning

... exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, ... also provided numerous corrections and suggestions My former and current department heads, Dr Donald C Slack and Dr Mark R Riley, have also provided support and suggestions for my class I also ... American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) and SPIE—The International Society for Optics and Photonics He currently serves as Associate Editor and Editorial Board Members for...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 22:20

... tube, and can then be dipped into a bath or screwed into a threaded hole in a tank Temperature sensors and any accompanying wiring and circuits must be kept insulated and dry, to avoid leakage and ... temperature sensor, I2C and ISA interfaces, a multiple-input 8-bit ADC (five positive inputs and negative inputs), fan speed counters, several control and memory registers, and numerous other functions ... sensors, ADCs, and non-volatile memory to store optimum charging data and usage history The charge status of a battery is measured using terminal voltage and tracking the charge flowing in and out of...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 05:15

... shift for a bar FBG sensor (FBG1) and those which Bragg wavelength shifts are embedded in Cu (FBG2) and Al base (FBG3) The experimental data sets exhibited by FBG2 and were fitted by first order ... in which the gauge and lead wires see varying and differential thermal environments FBG sensors exhibit many other distinguishing features such as, small size, light mass and high resolution, ... Structure of the Fiber Bragg Grating of simplicity in structure and suitability for multiplexed and distributed/multipoint sensing applications, and to the fact that sensing information is encoded in...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 14:20

... reduce the errors and errors have been reduced to ±0.5°C [43] and ±0.1°C [44] for temperatures up to 120°C and 125°C respectively [43] and [44] use low stress ceramic packages and the individual ... oil and gas reserves, the industry is motivated to drill deeper and hence the temperatures could reach up to 300°C In oil and gas industry, information about the well is logged to understand ... thesis, a new time-domain architecture for a bandgap based temperature sensor without an explicit bandgap reference is proposed It is power and area efficient and achieves excellent performance in the...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 11:33

... headquarters, design and wafer fabrication facilities in Chandler and Tempe, Arizona in July 1999 and Mountain View, California in March 2002 The Company’s quality system processes and procedures are ... (high set point) at 100°F and turn off (low set point) at 80°F For the Ketema ACW-027, the resistance is 55.7 kΩ at +100°F and 91.1 kΩ at +80°F These values are the high and low set point resistors, ... Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, KEELOQ, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro, PICSTART, PRO MATE and PowerSmart are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A and other countries...

Ngày tải lên: 11/01/2016, 11:38

... headquarters, design and wafer fabrication facilities in Chandler and Tempe, Arizona in July 1999 and Mountain View, California in March 2002 The Company’s quality system processes and procedures are ... reached, and goes low when the device temperature decreases to below both set points Figure shows the outputs with respect to input set points and temperature changes 24 VAC EQUIPMENT Most heating and ... minimum, while reliability stays high The application in Figure uses a TC4469 Quad CMOS Driver This device has four independent drivers, each with a logic AND gate as an input The AND gate has...

Ngày tải lên: 11/01/2016, 11:38

... headquarters, design and wafer fabrication facilities in Chandler and Tempe, Arizona in July 1999 and Mountain View, California in March 2002 The Company’s quality system processes and procedures are ... for easy system integration and minimizes the required PCB space, component count and design time The TC72 and TC77’s minimum supply voltage is specified at 2.65V and 2.7V, respectively However, ... signal, the two temperature coefficients cancel and an output voltage results that is independent of temperature BAND GAP VOLTAGE REFERENCE A band gap voltage reference circuit is used to create...

Ngày tải lên: 11/01/2016, 14:31

... resistors R3 and R4, capacitors C1 and C2 and the RTD resistors R1 and R2 can be minimized by calibrating the oscillator to a single known temperature The magnitude of the resistor and capacitor ... (∆R versus voltage) and thermal EMF (due to the temperature difference between the leads and selfheating) are small and can be neglected by using quality components and standard low noise analog ... headquarters, design and wafer fabrication facilities in Chandler and Tempe, Arizona and Mountain View, California in October 2003 The Company’s quality system processes and procedures are for...

Ngày tải lên: 11/01/2016, 14:35

... headquarters, design and wafer fabrication facilities in Chandler and Tempe, Arizona; Gresham, Oregon and design centers in California and India The Company’s quality system processes and procedures ... from this information and its use Use of Microchip devices in life support and/ or safety applications is entirely at the buyer’s risk, and the buyer agrees to defend, indemnify and hold harmless ... 9, Figure 10 and Figure 11 show an average and ±1 standard deviation of sensor accuracy for the tested parts with the 2nd order error compensation When comparing Figure 9, Figure 10 and Figure...

Ngày tải lên: 11/01/2016, 16:35

... octahedrons and none of the edges are shared in monoclinic form Monoclinic WO3 exhibits six phase transitions with temperature [11] It is monoclinic below À40 8C and triclinic between À40 and 20 8C, and ... artificial hearts and medical thermography He is also interested in micromachining and medical sensors Shukuji Asakura received his MEng and PhD degrees from University of Tokyo in 1965 and 1968, respectively ... and all crystal phases of monoclinic family may be considered as a modification of cubic ReO3 structure in the first order approximation Monoclinic phase is the most stable and both hexagonal and...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 16:47

... Department of Sealants and Rubber Composites of Shandong Research Institute of Non-metallic Materials, Committee Member of Chinese Standard of Adhesives and Sealants Now, he is a PhD candidate of materials ... Pauling electronegativity and n is the ion charge The Pauling electronegativities of Fe–O and Zn–O are 914 H Tang et al / Sensors and Actuators B 114 (2006) 910–915 1.83 and 1.65 in Pauling units ... nanoparticle content increased to and 4% The response and recovery time of the sensor with Fe:Zn = 1% were more than 100 and 30 s, respectively But the response and recovery time of the sensor...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 16:47

... the bands at 1565 and 1488 cm−1 are attributed to C N and C C stretching mode of vibration for the quinonoid and benzenoid units of PANI; 1291 and 1133 cm−1 are the stretching peak of C N and ... PANI and PANI/TiO2 nanocomposites The resulting PANI and PANI/TiO2 solutions described in Section 2.2 were left still at 20 ◦ C for another h The products were filtered and washed with 2.0 M HCl and ... film processing in this work, and the nanocomposites and films were characterized by FTIR, UV–vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microcopy (SEM) The concentration and temperature characteristics...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 13:04

... W Liu et al / Sensors and Actuators B 134 (2008) 62–65 Fig Apparatus for gas sensing test = − x:x:1 and dissolved in heated acetic acid and deionized water; acetylacetone (CH3 ... capacitance response is 126, 61, 33, 16 and 12% to NH3 of 400, 100, 50, 30 and 20 ppm respectively, while the dielectric loss response is 337, 220, 168, 112 and 80% The dielectric loss response ... by NH3 vapors, and possible surface reaction The fast response and recovery time may be due to the physical adsorption of NH3 on the LSCO nanotube surface W Liu et al / Sensors and Actuators...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 13:04

... sensor’s dynamic response were extracted by FFT and DWT decomposition methods, and discrimination between ethanol and H2 S measurements was performed by PCA and DFA DWT was found to outperform FFT for ... high-frequency information It employs two sets of functions, called scaling functions (x) and wavelet functions W(x), which are associated with low pass and high pass filters, respectively The scaling ... et al / Sensors and Actuators B 104 (2005) 132–139 annealing, a transition towards a monoclinic structure took place and the WO3 particles then exhibited a mixture of tetragonal and monoclinic...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 13:04

... an increase in gas concentration The response and recovery times to 50, 100, 200 and 500 ppm H2 S are 68 and 35 s, 42 and 26 s, 31 and 25 s, 25 and 21 s, respectively These times are short enough ... ethanol and acetone, and negligible responses to n-hexane, NH3 , H2 and CO even at such a high concentration (1000 ppm) On the other hand, the optimum operating temperature to ethanol and acetone ... 120–160 ◦ C and to detect ethanol and acetone at 200 ◦ C The doped sensor also presented long-term stability and relatively short response/recovery times The Ag/␣-Fe2 O3 sensor is a promising candidate...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 13:04

... potential (+2 V) and the junction current change was recorded with time Results and discussion 3.1 Crystal structural studies Figs 2(a) and (b) shows the X-ray diffraction patterns of TiO2 and polyaniline ... employing a sensitive microbalance The optimized thicknesses of TiO2 and polyaniline films were 0.55 and 0.9 ␮m, respectively, and roughness of the surface was 0.869 ␮m The forward biased junction ... in air (Ia ) and in the presence of LPG (Ig ) were measured and using the following relation the gas response was calculated S (%) = Ia − Ig I × 100 = × 100 Ia Ia (1) The response and recovery...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 13:07

... instead of on the Si-based membrane due to the difficulties in sample handing and availability The resulting porous film consists of randomly arranged linear aggregates which are formed by parallel alignment ... peaks resulting from the small nanorod size of 75 nm length and nm width Furthermore, the Raman shift bands observed at 264, 325, 709, and 805 cm−1 give further evidence to the monoclinic tungsten ... This is understandable because tungsten oxide sensors are known to behave as an n-type semiconductor.6–8 Current in n-type MOS sensors is carried by conduction band electrons, and adsorbates...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 13:07

... instead of on the Si-based membrane due to the difficulties in sample handing and availability The resulting porous film consists of randomly arranged linear aggregates which are formed by parallel alignment ... peaks resulting from the small nanorod size of 75 nm length and nm width Furthermore, the Raman shift bands observed at 264, 325, 709, and 805 cm−1 give further evidence to the monoclinic tungsten ... This is understandable because tungsten oxide sensors are known to behave as an n-type semiconductor.6–8 Current in n-type MOS sensors is carried by conduction band electrons, and adsorbates...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 13:07

... densities and donor levels used in the conduction model where N and N* = Nmax − N are the densities of occupied and free adsorption sites, respectively, and [O2 ] and [O3 ] the oxygen and ozone ... constituting the sensitive layer on the one hand and the electronic transport mechanisms in and between the grains on the other hand M Bendahan et al / Sensors and Actuators B 124 (2007) 24–29 The surface ... towards WO3 gas sensors and selectivity enhancement strategies, conduction and adsorption mechanisms and modelling of sensor responses R Boulmani obtained his PhD degree in physics and material science...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 13:12

... 4f5/2 and W 4f7/2 are found to lie at 37.1 and 35.20 eV, respectively and are contributed to lattice tungsten in the WO3 crystal 3.2 Gas sensing properties of the thin film sensors Results and discussion ... , CO, and water vapor were measured A given amount of each gas was injected into the chamber and mixed by a fan for 30 s The sensitivity to gases, S, is defined as S = V g /V a , where Vg and Va ... The relationship between the gas sensitivity and TMA concentration at 70◦ C NH3 , gasoline, C2 H5 OH, CH4 and CO at the same concentration of 1000 ppm and to water vapor These experimental results...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 13:12