summary artificial intelligence a modern approach

... complex areas such as contract law awaits a satisfactory encoding of the vast web of common-sense knowledge pertaining to commercial transactions and agreement and business practices j (translation) ... then the rational side of AI is really mathematics and engineering; it does not require any empirical knowledge about the actual world—and the actual task environment—that we inhabit; that a given ... 100 times larger 1.6 Just as you are unaware of all the steps that go into making your heart beat, you are also unaware of most of what happens in your thoughts You have a conscious awareness of

Ngày tải lên: 16/10/2021, 15:39

... model A steady-state approximation can also be used to obtain the rate equation for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction 3.2.2 Steady-State Model The main assumption made in the steady-state approximation ... the mean of a set of data points (y i ) and each individual data point j at a particular substrate concentration i: (3.20) mean residual = yij − y i 54 CHARACTERIZATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY TABLE ... experimental data allowed for rapid and accurate determination of the catalytic parameters of this enzyme-catalyzed reaction The estimates of Vmax and Km , their standard error, 95% confidence intervals,

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 07:20

... compared, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), TABLE 4.2 Rate of Hydration of Fumarate to Malate by Fumarase at various Substrate Concentrations a Velocity (a. u.) Substrate Concentration (M) Without ... merely an act of chance. A proper statistical analysis has to be carried out. For the comparison of two values, a two-tailed t -test is appropriate. When more than two values are compared, a one-way ... concentration plot for fumarase in the absence and presence of the reversible inhibitor succinate. APPLICATIONS 67 TABLE 4.3 Estimates of the Catalytic Parameters for the Fumarase-Catalyzed hydration

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 07:20

... cooperativity, which can have noninteger values Estimates of the parameters k and n are obtained using standard nonlinear regression procedures available in most modern graphical software packages By fitting ... substrate A is held constant, Eq. (7.11) can be expressed as v V  max = [B] K  + [B] (7.12) where V  max = V max [A] K BA + [A] (7.13) and K  = K A s K AB + K AB [A] K BA + [A] = K AB (K A s ... kinetic analysis to determine the mechanism of an enzymatic reaction has decreased in favor of pre-steadystate analysis of kinetic data obtained from rapid-reaction techniques CHAPTER 8 MULTISITE AND

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 07:20

... curve approaches that of a straight line Valuable information can be gained from analysis of the early and late stages of this reaction 11.2.1 Early Stages of the Reaction The exponential term ... enzyme has partitioned toward the interface, it will rapidly bind substrate Thus, interfacial binding and... interfacial area or the amount of interfacial area per unit volume ([As ]) As depicted ... of the catalytic parameters of an enzyme- catalyzed interfacial reaction, increasing amounts of substrate are added to a solution 121 122 INTERFACIAL ENZYMES Interface kon koff Substrate Droplet...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 07:20

... universal gas constant, and T (K) the absolute temperature. From Eq. (12.17) we can deduce that for a constant value of A, a higher E a translates into a lower k D .As discussed previously, at a constant ... Expressions for the apparent rate constants for a number of relaxation reactions are summarized in Table 11.1. CHAPTER 12 CHARACTERIZATION OF ENZYME STABILITY In many enzyme-related studies, an index of ... characterization of enzyme stability. [...]... standard-state entropy of denaturation can therefore be calculated as ◦ SD = ◦ HD Tm (12.31) 150 CHARACTERIZATION OF ENZYME STABILITY ◦ Alternatively,

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 07:20

... continuous assay is the best way to determine the k on and K i of an alter- nate substrate. Addition of an alternate substrate inhibitor to an enzyme assay results in an exponential decrease in rate ... represents the apparent inactivation rate, a combination of inhibition and inacti- vation. As with alternate substrate inhibition, the second-order apparent inactivation rate can be determined ... the actual Vmax (or kcat ) and Km values are determined accurately for one substrate (probably the reference), reasonable quantitative estimates of selectivity constants (Vmax /Km ) may be calculated

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 07:20

... serine mutants, which had comparable catalytic constants Compared to valine and serine, alanine has the smallest van der Waals volume and accessible surface area Therefore,... (Okoniewska et al., ... requires making an estimate of V max and K m from the data available. Transforming the original data to a Lineweaver–Burke plot (despite the aforementioned limitations) indicates that only four data ... position was substituted with alanine, valine, and serine These amino acids differ in their van der Waals volumes, accessible surface areas, polarities, and allowable energy levels on Ramachandran plots

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 07:20

... domain (DOM) of pepsin: serine at position 46 to lysine, aspartic acid at position 52 to asparagine, asparagine at position 54 to lysine, and glutamine at position 55 to arginine and aspartic acid ... N-frag Mutations in the amino terminal (N) domain or frag- ment (frag) of pepsin; a combination of the N-frag (A) and N-frag (B) mutations. N-frag (A) Mutations in the amino terminal (N) domain ... 12 Standard-state enthalpy of denaturation, 14 7–1 50, 155 Standard-state entropy of denaturation, 14 7–1 50, 155 Standard-state free energy of denaturation, 14 7–1 50 Standard-state free-energy

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 07:20

... the Major Arcana were the trump cards of that game In its modern form, the Major Arcana are now numbered from to 21 Standard decks, such as the Rider-Waite Tarot, have both the Minor Arcana and ... behaviours, and the spiritual importance of particular events The characters within the Major Arcana cards have archetypal power associated with... Before agreeing to participate over a planned ... psyche 10 Chapter 12 - Tarot Spreads A Tarot spread is the pattern in which cards are laid out during a reading Each position in this pattern has a meaning attached to it Spreads can range in complexity

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2016, 11:57

... Processing  Transaction processing systems are constantly involved in handling updates (add/edit/delete) to what we might call operational databases     1-29 ATM withdrawal transaction, sales order ... Hall Intelligence and Espionage  Stealing corporate secrets, CIA, …   Intelligence vs Espionage Intelligence The way that modern companies ethically and legally organize themselves to glean ... companies Greater emphasis on sustainability Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Prentice Hall Organizational Responses 1-8  Be Reactive, Anticipative, Adaptive, and Proactive

Ngày tải lên: 18/12/2017, 15:09

... operational data mart Enterprise data warehouse (EDW) A data warehouse for the enterprise Metadata Data about data In a data warehouse, metadata describe the contents of a data warehouse and ... the data warehouse with information just because it is available Believing that data warehousing database design is the same as transactional database design Choosing a data warehouse manager ... transactions into multidimensional views ahead of time Relational OLAP (ROLAP) The implementation of an OLAP database on top of an existing relational database Database OLAP and Web OLAP (DOLAP

Ngày tải lên: 18/12/2017, 15:10

... performance dashboards: Operational dashboards Tactical dashboards Strategic dashboards Performance Dashboards  Dashboard design  “The fundamental challenge of dashboard design is to display all ... Visual display used to chart progress against strategic and tactical goals and targets (predetermined measures) Performance Dashboards  Dashboards versus scorecards  Performance dashboard is a ... physical parts: Database tier Application tier Client or user interface BPM Architecture and Applications  BPM applications Strategy management Budgeting, planning, and forecasting Financial consolidation

Ngày tải lên: 18/12/2017, 15:10

... identification in literature) Journal Year Author(s) MISQ 2005 A Malhotra, S Gosain and O A El Sawy ISR 1999 JMIS 2001 R Aron and E K Clemons … … … Title Vol/No Pages Absorptive capacity configurations ... directions and methodological implications Keywords Abstract 145-187 knowledge management supply chain absorptive capacity interorganizational information systems configuration approaches 2-Oct ... data stored in server access logs, referrer logs, agent logs, and client-side cookies user characteristics and usage profiles metadata, such as page attributes, content attributes, and usage data

Ngày tải lên: 18/12/2017, 15:10

... discrepancy that must be offset Momentum A learning parameter in feedforwardbackpropagation neural networks Learning in ANN  How a network learns  Backpropagation The best-known learning algorithm ... Chapter Neural Networks for Data Mining Learning Objectives  Understand the concept and different types of artificial neural networks (ANN)  Learn the advantages and limitations of ANN  ... working backward from the output layer through the hidden layers Learning in ANN  Developing Neural Network–Based Systems Data collection and preparation   The data used for training and testing

Ngày tải lên: 18/12/2017, 15:10

... Zad al-Maad fi Hoda Khair al-Ibad, vols, Saudi Arabia, Maktabat al-Riyadh al-Haditha —— (1972b), Al Tariq al hukmya fi al Syasa al Ta-Shri’iya, Maktabat al-Riyadh al-Haditha Ibn Rhajab (1970), Al-Qawa’id ... fi al Manhaj al-Islami, Dar al-Fikr, Beirut —— (1974), Al Nizariah al Iktisadiah fi al Islam, Dar al-Tahrir, Cairo Al-Naqar, R .A. A .A (1973), al-Madkhal ela al-Nazariah al Asktsadiah, fi al Manhaj ... al Taareet be al fiqh al Islami wa Kawaid al Malkyah wa al Aqood, Dar al-Fakir, Beirut Sharaf al-Din, A (1982), Akd al Ta’min wa Akd Daman, Cairo, Maktabet Wahba Al-Sha’rawi, M.M (1975), Al-Daman

Ngày tải lên: 09/10/2018, 15:15

... computation as a formal algorithm goes back to al-Khowarazmi, an Arab mathematician of the ninth century, whose writings also introduced Europe to Arabic numerals and algebra. Logic goes back at ... that most readers are in the same position, and can easily imagine themselves as clueless as our agent. We apologize to Romanian readers who are unable to take advantage of this pedagogical device. ... and acts in an environment. We split an agent into an architecture and an agent program. ã An ideal agent is one that always takes the action that is expected to maximize its perfor- mance measure,...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 20:09