statistical inference of accident data

... 610 Chapter 14 Statistical Description of Data CITED REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING: Bevington, P.R 1969, Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical ... sums of integer powers of the values Best known is the mean of the values x1 , , xN , x= N N xj (14.1.1) j=1 which estimates the value around which central clustering occurs Note the use of ... tendency, the moments of a distribution, the median and mode In §14.2 we learn to test whether different data sets are drawn from distributions with different values of these measures of central tendency...

Ngày tải lên: 20/10/2013, 17:15

... definitions into sums of various powers of the data, e.g., the familiar    N  x2  − N x2  ≈ x2 − x2 (14.1.7) Var(x1 xN ) = j N −1 614 Chapter 14 Statistical Description of Data Semi-Invariants ... significance of a difference of means is not the number of standard deviations that they are apart, but the number of so-called standard errors that they are apart The standard error of a set of values ... measure of the data s width around its central value: The values obtained from equations (14.1.2) or (14.1.3) will not converge with increased numbers of points, nor show any consistency from data...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 15:15

... for N − degrees of freedom The routine is #include void tptest(float data1 [], float data2 [], unsigned long n, float *t, float *prob) Given the paired arrays data1 [1 n] and data2 [1 n], this ... void ftest(float data1 [], unsigned long n1, float data2 [], unsigned long n2, float *f, float *prob) Given the arrays data1 [1 n1] and data2 [1 n2], this routine returns the value of f, and its significance ... can be given lists of individual burnout times or of stellar positions The data sets on chicken pox and educational level are binned, since we are given tables of numbers of events in discrete...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 15:15

... the data sets are drawn from the same distribution Small values of prob show that the cumulative distribution function of data1 is significantly different from that of data2 The arrays data1 and data2 ... of Data Next we consider the case of comparing two binned data sets Let Ri be the number of events in bin i for the first data set, Si the number of events in the same bin i for the second data ... for the cases of one and two distributions: 626 Chapter 14 Statistical Description of Data If we are not done Next step is in data1 Next step is in data2 Compute significance } Both of the above...

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 22:15

... Table Analysis of Two Distributions female # of red males N11 # of green males N12 # of males N1⋅ # of red females N21 # of green females N22 # of females N2⋅ # of red N ⋅1 ... number of degrees of freedom is equal to the number of entries in the table (product of its row size and column size) minus the number of constraints that have arisen from our use of the data themselves ... since the total of the column totals and the total of the row totals both equal N , the total number of data points Therefore, if the table is of size I by J, the number of degrees of freedom is...

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 22:15

... 14 Statistical Description of Data Equations (14.5.7) and (14.5.8), when they are valid, give several useful statistical tests For example, the significance level at which a measured value of ... respectively, the number of data points in the measurement of r1 and r2 All of the significances above are two-sided If you wish to disprove the null hypothesis in favor of a one-sided hypothesis, ... concept of nonparametric correlation is this: If we replace the value of each xi by the value of its rank among all the other xi ’s in the sample, that is, 1, 2, 3, , N , then the resulting list of...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 19:15

... trade@cup.cam.ac.uk (outside North America) D= 642 Chapter 14 Statistical Description of Data Expectation value of D, and variance of D give number of standard deviations and significance Rank correlation ... kendl1(float data1 [], float data2 [], unsigned long n, float *tau, float *z, float *prob) Given data arrays data1 [1 n] and data2 [1 n], this program returns Kendall’s τ as tau, its number of standard ... a1 =data1 [j] -data1 [k]; a2 =data2 [j] -data2 [k]; aa=a1*a2; if (aa) { ++n1; Loop over first member of pair, and second member Neither array has a tie Sample page from NUMERICAL RECIPES IN C: THE ART OF...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 19:15

... d1,d2,dum,dumm,fa,fb,fc,fd,ga,gb,gc,gd,r1,r2,rr,sqen; 650 Chapter 14 Statistical Description of Data 14.8 Savitzky-Golay Smoothing Filters nR gi = cnfi+n (14.8.1) n=−nL Here nL is the number of points used “to the left” of a data point i, i.e., ... one of whose quadrants (shown by dotted lines) maximizes the difference between fraction of triangles and fraction of squares Then, equation (14.7.1) indicates whether the difference is statistically ... upper-left quadrant That quadrant contains only 0.12 of all the triangles, but it contains 0.56 of all the squares The value of D is thus 0.44 Is this statistically significant? Even for fixed sample...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 19:15

... convlv, a set of Savitzky-Golay filter coefficients nl is the number of leftward (past) data points used, while nr is the number of rightward (future) data points, making the total number of data points ... Figure 14.8.1 Top: Synthetic noisy data consisting of a sequence of progressively narrower bumps, and additive Gaussian white noise Center: Result of smoothing the data by a simple moving window ... Luckily, since the process of least-squares fitting involves only a linear matrix inversion, the coefficients of a fitted polynomial are themselves linear in the values of the data That means that we...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 04:15

... will use in studying statistical inference are consequences of the assumptions of the Kolmogorov probability model It is not the purpose of this book to present derivations of these facts; however, ... set of integers, Z = { , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, } • The set of real numbers, = (−∞, ∞) If A and B are sets and each element of A is also an element of B, then we say that A is a subset of ... Quite often, a set A is defined to be those elements of another set B that satisfy a specified mathematical property In such cases, we often specify A by writing a generic element of B to the left of...

Ngày tải lên: 16/01/2014, 16:33

... scope of data used and the interpretation of the model for human Conclusion Our studies show that, at least for the sample of test materials that we culled from the standard literature, a statistical ... a pair of sentences Comparatively faster drop of probability is expected to be a good indicator of comparative processing difficulty Probability re-ranking, which is a simplified model of the reanalysis ... A total of 30 pairs of a garden-path sentence and its ambiguous, non-garden-path control were tested for a comparison of the probability decrease at the disambiguating region In 80% of the cases,...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 04:20

... introducing approximate inference methods based on reduction of the search spaces to be explored 3.1 Efficient Inference Algorithm Method The key idea of our proposed efficient inference method is ... language data sets (Table 1): Penn Treebank3 for part -of- speech tagging (PTB), phrase chunking data4 (CoNLL00), named entity recognition data5 (CoNLL03), grapheme-to-phoneme conversion data6 (NetTalk), ... inactive set These two problems are closely related The size of the active set affects both the complexity of inference algorithm and the quality of the model Therefore, our goal for selecting δ and...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 17:20

... properties of the ECDs, the analysis of the statistical behavior of real data can be reduced to the study of the distributions of the scalar variable D The analysis was carried out in terms of a graphical ... estimate the value of υ to obtain the best fitting The analysis of the statistical behavior of MIVIS data was carried out by also considering mixture models The introduction of those models has ... a number of pixels large enough to neglect the errors in the estimate of the mean vector and the covariance matrix Thus, they reduced the analysis of the statistical behavior of real data to the...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 23:20

... analysis of variability in number of digits in an inbred strain of guinea pigs Genetics 19, 506-536 Wright S (1934b) The results of crosses between inbred strains of guinea pigs differing in number of ... table I, as well as the frequencies of the three categories of calving scores The raw data reveal the usual pattern of highest calving difficulty in male calves out of younger dams However, more can ... dependency of the probabilities 77,! with respect to sex of calf and age of dam is not described properly by a model with constant variance Whether the poor fit of the S-TM is the result of ignoring...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:22

... studies, data are collected on a repeatedly measured marker and a time-to-event outcome Longitudinal data and survival data are often associated in some ways Separate analysis of the two types of data ... TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xiii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Bayesian approach for semicompeting risks data 1.2 Joint modeling of ... examples of allocation probabilities of BCM in trials that mimic LOTS 82 Figure 4.2 Comparison of the distributions of various re-randomization tests 90 Figure 4.3 Comparison of the...

Ngày tải lên: 24/08/2014, 11:40

... class of loss functions which can be expressed by the product of the square of the bias and a positive function of F X and F Y To assess the quality of rank estimators and derive statistical inference ... context of rank methods, which are invariant to monotone transformation of data In light of this reˆ sult, a general class of distributions defined by the shape of variance functions of θ can ... the normal excess kurtosis of zero This application of the ELF is of use for the inference, for example, of rank methods of location, which mainly rely on the type of the distribution, rather...

Ngày tải lên: 13/09/2015, 21:37

... away from the `truth' This softer (more qualitative) assessment of data provides the platform for the subsequent, more statistically-based, interrogations of the data In this book we will be ... the burgeoning number of business class passengers with a range of added value services The professionalism check The next check of the robustness ± or `truth' ± of a piece of information is to ... two children in a class of 30 will share a birthday?' ± a much higher probability than most people think But how many of the hundreds of thousands of people who use survey data in their work or...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2012, 15:38

... been composed of one professor, one associate professor and two research associates To give an example, at the University of Tokyo about 15 professors and associate professors of statistics are ... philosophy of TQM can only be carried out with the scientific approach Furthermore the recent development of statistical methods has enabled us to handle new types of problems and data coming out of off-line ... analysis, ANOVA, analysis of categorical data, analysis of survival data, dose-response analysis, sample size determination, meta-analysis, statistical guideline for regulation Data Management in Clinical...

Ngày tải lên: 26/10/2012, 09:41

... (respective shares of the partner): Date of establishment: Type of industry: Total number of employees • Number of Vietnamese: • Number of Foreign: • Ratio of Vietnamese to total number of people in ... RELIABILITY COEFFICIENTS N of cases = 19.0 N of items = 16 ALPHA = 8306 - 74 APPENDIX STATISTICAL T- TEST T-TEST OF SUCCESS FACTORS OF JOINT VENTURE'S PERFORMANCE (a) T- Test Of Success Factors For ... *Availability and sufficiency of General information and statistical data on the partner * Opportunity to evaluate partner's past performance * Independent evaluation of project Which Criteria for...

Ngày tải lên: 13/04/2013, 11:01

... unobservable universe of hedge funds introduces two types of bias, Selection bias and Survivorship bias, characterising main sources of difference between the performance of hedge funds in the database and ... in the case of Systematic Trading strategy we not reject the null that data is normally distributed at a level of 5% Furthermore, results of the Ljung-Box test show that the null of no autocorrelation ... ratio of 1.05 where the directional strategies exhibit a ratio of 0.75 and in the case of a minimal acceptable rate of 0% non-directional strategies exhibit on average an annualised ratio of 1.75...

Ngày tải lên: 16/04/2013, 20:00