stars the energy and entropy content of the universe

... Mayer, and to some extent even Joule hemmed and hawed and procrastinated over heat and force; they adduced the theorem of logical cause and the commands of the Creator Helmholtz’s work on the other ... space, and all bodies moved through the ether without disturbing its state of rest; so also the earth and the sun The question arose whether the speed of the earth through the ether – the absolute ... obtain the familiar energy balance of classical mechanics: The rate of change of the kinetic energy m dx1 2 ( dt ) equals the power of the force Special relativity – the theory of frames of reference...

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 16:42

... and the internal energy is the non-convective part of the energy The power, or working of the force dG has no place in the Gibbs equation therefore, or it should not have Also, the heating of ... in itself What happens in a plant is the photosynthesis of glucose from the CO2 of the air and from H2O of the soil and the release of oxygen We rewrite the stoichiometric formula from before, ... collisions,20 and the collision term on the right hand side vanishes for the MaxwellJüttner distribution because of conservation of the energy and momentum vector pA in the collision Chernikov uses the...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... we have 15180 of them But then, the calculation of the elements of the determinant and the determination of Vmax may be programmed into the computer and Wolf Weiss (1956– ) has the values ready ... intuitive argument and to calculation Therefore they serve as prototypes for the treatment of fluctuation and for the proof of Onsager’s hypothesis, see Insert 9.2 The hypothesis is not restricted ... under the microscope, fluctuations of mass density, and velocity and temperature in air cannot be seen And yet they are there, and they affect the transmission of light Indeed, very tiny and very...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... to the laws of equilibrium – or near-equilibrium – that they achieved no more than confirmation of the 19th century formulae, and proof of their consistency with the doctrines of energy and entropy ... its position of equilibrium 17 18 G.G Stokes: “On the theories of the internal friction of fluids in motion and of the equilibrium and motion of elastic solids.” Transactions of the Cambridge ... and these are based upon the equations of balance of mechanics and thermodynamics, viz the conservation laws of mass and momentum, and the equation of balance of internal energy, see Chap j xj tij...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... energy than h , the light may kick the electron loose and make it move off with the surplus The higher the frequency, the higher the surplus and the quicker the electron moves On the other hand, ... represents 1/6 of the spectral energy density e of the cavity radiation, because the y- and z-components of the electric field also contribute to the energy density, and so the components of the magnetic ... application of radiation thermodynamics is the physics of stars And yet, the physicists of the 19th century, who raised their eyes to the stars, as it were, were unaware of the decisive role of radiation...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... Law of Thermodynamics is the entropy of the atoms in the element dxdc, and S Pdxdc ! k ln d xc xc pl ! l is the total entropy of the gas, where is the product over all elements xc dxdc of the ... value was, of course, far below the scope of the pioneers in the 19th century who set themselves the task of liquefying the gases available to them and then, perhaps, reach the solid phase The easiest ... have let to the formulation of strategy B Strategy B The hawks adjust the severity of the fighting – and thus the gravity of the injury – to the prevailing price If the price of the resource...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... law – and, of course, by the thermal equation of state p ρ k α T – the numbers N are independent of the nature of the gases µ Therefore the entropy of mixing is the same, irrespective of the gases ... small mass of a substance is added to a homogeneous mass, while entropy and volume are unchanged; then the quotient of the increase of energy and the increase of mass is the potential of this substance ... entropy, on the other hand, tends to pull all the water from the reservoir into the tube, because that means maximal entropy of mixing of water and salt Neither energy nor entropy succeed; they compromise...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... for Maxwell – but then it may also contain the three c additive contributions of the rotational energy of a molecule and the contributions of the kinetic and elastic energy of a vibrating molecule ... related to the angle of deflection of the path of an atom in the collision ranges between and /2 is the cross section for a ( , )-collision and g is the relative speed of the colliding atoms The f ... the power of the entropy of meaning of the concept of entropy and its application in science and technology] Philips’s Technische Bibliothek (1960) Also available in Dutch, English, French, and...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... to the multifarious symbols of decline, and in the growth of entropy toward the heat death he sees the scientific equivalent of the twilight of the gods of Germanic mythology: The end of the ... use the ancient atomistic idea of the randomly flying molecules of a gas He explained the pressure of a gas on the wall of the container by the change of momentum of the molecules during their ... helped to create the kinetic theory of ideal and real gases and, of course, he was the discoverer of entropy and the second law His work on the kinetic theory was largely eclipsed by the progress...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... Mayer, and to some extent even Joule hemmed and hawed and procrastinated over heat and force; they adduced the theorem of logical cause and the commands of the Creator Helmholtz’s work on the other ... space, and all bodies moved through the ether without disturbing its state of rest; so also the earth and the sun The question arose whether the speed of the earth through the ether – the absolute ... obtain the familiar energy balance of classical mechanics: The rate of change of the kinetic energy m dx1 2 ( dt ) equals the power of the force Special relativity – the theory of frames of reference...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... that the doctrine of energy and entropy rules the world; the first ingredient – energy – is deterministic, as it were, and the second – entropy – favours randomness Both tendencies compete, and they ... would then determine the character, or temperament (sic), of a person Thus body and soul of the inhabitants of the cold and wet north were wild and savage, while those of the people in the hot and ... until the second half of the 19th century when it was extrapolated away from mechanics to include the internal energy of thermodynamics and the electro-magnetic energy The first law of thermodynamics...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... metallurgy) Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S Pulp and Paper Industry v Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S Pulp and Paper Industry vi Overview 1.1 The U.S Paper Manufacturing Sector The ... Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S Pulp and Paper Industry December 2005 Prepared by Energetics Incorporated Columbia, Maryland for the U.S Department of Energy Office of Energy ... Integrated Pulp and Paper Making Process Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S Pulp and Paper Industry 16 2.2 Energy Overview Paper and Paperboard Drying Consume the Most Energy The pulp and paper...

Ngày tải lên: 18/03/2014, 02:20

... SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND THE FACULTY OF THE LEONARD N STERN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ... that 1) the lag between insider transactions and the receipt of the Form by the SEC and 2) the lag between the filing date and the market reaction became shorter once the electronic filing and online ... outstanding Book-to-Market is the ratio of book value to market value of equity, calculated as of the beginning of the fiscal quarter Size is the natural logarithm of market capitalization as of the...

Ngày tải lên: 30/09/2015, 17:19

... where e is the volume fraction of particles in the PCM, ρm is the density of the PCM (kg/m3), Hm is the latent heat of fusion of PCM (J/kg), rint is the radial interface location (m) The following ... completely stored in the PCM As a result, the efficiency of the system becomes unity all the time Hence, the calculation of energy efficiency does not indicate the true performance of the system This ... Cumulative energy stored and exergy stored It has already been stated that the energy stored in the unit is in the form of latent heat as the sensible heating of the liquid PCM is neglected for the...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:10

... NY, USA) The ratio of the densitometric values of the bands containing amplified cDNA between IP and SP samples was determined Acknowledgements We thank Andreia Dallabona, Nilson Fidencio and ˆ Crisciele ... determining the adaptation and differentiation of these parasites throughout their life cycle Trypanosomatids diverge from other eukaryotes in several aspects, including the editing of mitochondrial ... Microarray analyses reveal that the mRNAs associated with TcDHH1 in the epimastigote stage are some of those mainly expressed in the other forms of the T cruzi life cycle These data suggest that mRNPs...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 23:20

... absorption and translocation, and consequently growth (Shear and Faust, 1980; Jadczuk and Lenz, 1994) The addition of Ca and CaMg increases the growth, which shows the deficiency of both elements in the ... treatment at the sampling date Results were expressed as the mean of the three values and the Mann and Whitney U test (1947) was again applied, with a threshold of 5% RESULTS Growth parameters At the ... (table III) The B trees produced an intermediate effect However, no significant effect was seen in terms of the number of ramifications From 1994, the area of the fourth leaf of the D trees was...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 18:22

... concentration The mineral content of the leaves varied according to the gelling agent and the period of time in culture A significant accumulation of Na was found in the leaves of the explants ... at the onset of growth in juvenile shoots and of polyphenols A is therefore considered to be a biochemical marker of walnut juvenility and rejuvenation (Jay-Allemand et al, 1990) The level of ... dysfunctioning The aim of this study was to compare the effects of gelling agents, Difco Bacto Agar® (Difco) and Gelrite® (Kelco) on the growth of in vitro walnut explants, their mineral content and...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 23:22

... estimated from the average count per field multiplied by the ratio of field area/coverslip area (= number of particles in 20 μl), then by the ratio of the volume of the injection Page of 13 (page ... tip of a ml syringe (Luer-Lok, sterile, BD Medical, Melbourne, Australia) until it became saturated with the liquid The tip of the syringe was gently pressed against the side of the filter and the ... 5-10 μm (Figure 2C and 2D) Treatment with weak acid (0.5% acetic acid) dissolved the crystals This, together with their shape, and the absence of other likely candidates in the tablet formulation,...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 18:20

... the amplitudes and rate constants of the two other phases The above should be governed by the balance between the rate of reduction and oxidation of the acceptor side of PSII by the available ... evaluate the contributions and kinetics of the three main components of the FI traces Deconvolution of the traces with the sum of three exponential rises provided an excellent t between simulated and ... correspond to the end of the JI phase [8,28,29] It is likely that the emergence of a peak for I in the FI curves depends on the relative amplitude and rate constant of the JI phase compared to the amplitudes...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 05:20

... Addressing the Impact of Household Energy and Indoor Air Pollution on the Health of the Poor Implications for Policy Action and Intervention Measures Table of Contents Preface | Introduction of the ... oil equivalent – the amount of oil that would have supplied the same amount of energy | 19 Addressing the Impact of Household Energy and Indoor Air Pollution on the Health of the Poor Implications ... type, exposure of the child to smoke during peak cooking times, reported hours spent near the stove, and whether the child is carried on the |9 Addressing the Impact of Household Energy and Indoor...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 16:20