standards inequality and poverty

... 44 Chapter Income Standards, Inequality, and Poverty 45 Basic Concepts 49 Income Standards 54 Inequality Measures 81 Poverty Measures ... measure and to understand the many dimensions of income poverty, one must have a clear understanding of income standards and inequality measures This chapter is a conceptual introduction to poverty ... understand and have social or political salience Examples include racial, sex, and ethnic inequality, or the inequality between urban and rural areas 19 A Unified Approach to Measuring Poverty and Inequality...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2015, 19:13

... area, and the United States” by G Gadzinski and F Orlandi, November 2004 415 “How persistent is disaggregate inflation? An analysis across EU15 countries and HICP sub-indices” by P Lünnemann and ... the stability and growth pact: enforcement and procedural flexibility” by R M W J Beetsma and X Debrun, January 2005 434 “Interest rates and output in the long-run” by Y Aksoy and M A León-Ledesma, ... δ (L) Xt + εt (1) where π t and π e denote realized and expected inflation, β (L), γ (L), and δ (L) are polynomials t in the lag operator, uN is the NAIRU at time t, and Xt is a vector of possible...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2012, 09:11

... U T , (uh )Π and π Π max, increase, and (ul )Π max, and (uk )Π max, max, decreases, (ui )Π max, decrease first and then increase Figures7 and show the characteristics of Π max, and (ηex )Π max, ... max, changes slightly, (uk )Π max, decreases, and (ui )Π max, , (ul )Π max, , and π Π max, increase Figures9 and 10 show the characteristics of Π max, and (ηex )Π max, , (u j )Π max, , j = h, l ... Figure that Π max, and (ηex )Π of b It can be seen from Figure 10 that with the increase of b , (uh )Π increases, (ul )Π max, decreases, and (ui )Π max, and π Π max, max, max, and π Π max, versus...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58

... started in 2002 and were repeated in 2005 and again in 2008 The 2002 survey on HIV/AIDS was commissioned by both the Nelson Mandela Foundation (NMF) and the Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund and was also ... beliefs, and values about HIV and AIDS and about HIVrelated practices and behaviours (KAP) Sexual behaviour Drug and alcohol use Exposure to HIV behavioural-change communication Social norms and values ... fieldwork The HSRC and its partners designed and implemented a multi-faceted, study-specific, and proactive communication strategy to encourage and facilitate participation by households and individuals...

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 01:20

... Concomitantly, Phe454 rotates and moves some A to ll the active site and pack against the FAD cofactor In the loop between b-strand B6 in the substrate-binding domain and strand E2 in the hinge domain, ... interface The A and C subunits are colored yellow and red, respectively For clarity, subunits B and D have been omitted (A) Model 2IGO with Leu537 at the dyad axis between monomers A and C in the ... PAGE and SDS PAGE (Fig 3) A Kinetic characterization of mutational variants B Fig Native PAGE (A) and SDS PAGE (B) of different variants of P2Ox from T multicolor Lane 1, molecular mass standards...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 03:20

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 03:20

... gender relations and violence with reproductive health and HIV: rationale, effectiveness and gaps doing, and share experiences and lessons learnt in successful strategies Our understanding of the ... inequalities, poverty and economic underdevelopment and mobility have been identified as the major structural factors that facilitate HIV transmission (Zwi, 1993) Gendered attitudes and behaviours, and ... consistently Gender, Culture and Rights 115 Interventions linking gender relations and violence with reproductive health and HIV: rationale, effectiveness and gaps (Wingood and DiClemente, 1998; Pulerwitz...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 12:20

... in Thailand, for those of bladder and for leukaemia in both Thailand and China, and for cancers of the breast, and of cervix uterine in all three countries compared – Thailand, China, and India ... the 1950 and 1958 Connecticut data, and the other points below $10,000 per capita are for the Eastern European and developing country data Based on the trend lines for each site and sex, and the ... Tunisia (North and Suisse), Israel (non-Jews), Saudi Arabia Egypt, Iraq Austria, Croatia, Czech Rep., Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 16:21

... care Need is not necessarily expressed as demand, and demand is not necessarily followed by utilisation, while, on the other hand, there can be demand and utilisation without real underlying need ... exercise and control of governmental power and relationships between the individual and the state.42 Objectives, structure and scope of this book It is this interface between public law and the ... ‘infinite’ and ‘finite’ are ill chosen when referring to the demand for, and supply of, healthcare resources, given that an 83 84 85 See M McKee and A Clarke, ‘Guidelines, Enthusiasms, Uncertainty and...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 10:20

... clean speech and noise, respectively The K-dimensional MP coefficient vectors of speech, noise, and noisy speech are denoted as α s , α n , and α with their kth elements αs,k , αn,k , and αk , respectively ... stream, and it has become an indispensable component for many applications of speech processing and modern speech communication systems [1–3] such as robust speech recognition, speech enhancement, and ... signal with five frequency components, 100, 115, 130, 160, and 200 Hz, are shown in Fig 1a and its accurate frequencies components (A, B, C, D, and E) are shown in Fig 1b As shown in Fig 1a, first,...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... clean speech and noise, respectively The K-dimensional MP coefficient vectors of speech, noise, and noisy speech are denoted as α s , α n , and α with their kth elements αs,k , αn,k , and αk , respectively ... stream, and it has become an indispensable component for many applications of speech processing and modern speech communication systems [1–3] such as robust speech recognition, speech enhancement, and ... signal with five frequency components, 100, 115, 130, 160, and 200 Hz, are shown in Fig 1a and its accurate frequencies components (A, B, C, D, and E) are shown in Fig 1b As shown in Fig 1a, first,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 04:20

... Section 2.1, and the demonstration of algorithm and comparison between MP coefficients and DFT coefficients are presented in Section 2.2 Deng and Han EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music ... previous frame and λn,k Based on the total probability theorem and Bayes rule, the posterior probabilities of H and H given a k in Deng and Han EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing ... clean speech and noise, respectively The K-dimensional MP coefficient vectors of speech, noise, and noisy speech are denoted as a s , a n , and a with their kth elements as,k, an,k, and ak, respectively...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 21:20

... analysis and innovations 101 12.1 12.2 13 Growth and poverty reduction 102 105 Economic growth and poverty reduction Agricultural development and poverty reduction The problems posed by poverty- oriented ... elites, and agricultural production and the question of land ownership and income distribution were neglected The importance of price and trade policies, land tenure and innovation policies and policies ... Bank and Urban Development From projects to policy Edward Ramsamy 12 Poverty Orientated Agricultural and Rural Development Hartmut Brandt and Uwe Otzen Gender, Ethnicity and Place Women and identity...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 17:20

... Nam conducted by Vietnamese and international scholars, and the general reports of three communal and district Women’s Unions and Committees of Population, Families and Children that were collected ... men and belittling women” will, hopefully, be supplanted by a substantive or corrective model of equality, which on the one hand respects equality between women and men, and on the other hand ... policy and family-planning programme 12 4.2.3 Utilizing ultrasound as a basis for covert abortion services 14 4.3 Perceptions and Understandings of Imbalanced Sex Ratio 15 DISCUSSION AND TENTATIVE...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 06:46

... and methods tion-specific cost-to-charge ratios from the 1999 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Payment Impact File (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Baltimore, MD, USA) and ... discharge diagnoses and procedures, hospital length of stay, diagnosis-related group, intensive-care-related accommodation days and charges, and total charges for the hospitalization and disposition ... Virginia [10], and Washington [11] We selected these states based on their geographic representation, data quality, and availability This database does not have any patient identifiers and is public...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 20:20

... assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors Stat Med 1996;15:361–87 Laupacis A, Sekar N, Stiell IG Clinical prediction rules A review and suggested modifications of methodological standards ... Crohn disease in children and young adults: report of a working group of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation ... admission, and on days and of therapy The x2 or Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare categorical variables (such as gender and disease extent) Continuous variables (such as steroid dose, and days...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 09:45

... of the study AK and YS contributed to the data collection and statistical analysis AK, FC and YS drafted the manuscript KR, US, JG and RK revised the article All authors read and approved the ... Continuous data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (sd) and categorical data as number and percentage, unless otherwise indicated All statistics were two-tailed and a p < 0.05 was considered statistically ... reduce the number of covariates in the final multivariate model: metastatic and non-metastatic cancer; type and type diabetes; and chronic renal failure with or without haemodialysis Readmission was...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 11:23

... Vietnam Living Standards Survey of households and rural communes carried out in 1992−93 The paper analyses the sources and uses of funds for education, health and social transfers, and highlights ... World Bank's East Asia and Pacific Region Library of Congress Cataloging−in−Publication Data Poverty, Social Services, And Safety Nets In Vietnam "Poverty, Social Services, and Safety Nets in Vietnam" ... transfers and safety nets and discusses its effectiveness and efficiency in targeting public resources to the poor Much of the paper is based on distributional data generated by the Vietnam Living Standards...

Ngày tải lên: 29/08/2016, 09:30