spe russian oil and gas technical conference

... water, and land use impacts associated with oil and gas production nationally and in Region 8. These policies range from the implementation of mandatory emissions limits on oil and gas operations ... with rapidly expanding oil and gas production as well as associated regulatory activities (e.g., rulemakings, permitting and inspections). In addition, the high volume of oil and gas projects ... quantify CO 2 emissions. Specifically, natural gas lease and plant is recovered natural gas used as fuel for various oil and gas extraction operations and natural gas processing equipment....

... risk mitigation and a low carbon future THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS FOR IRELAND OF HIGH OIL AND GAS PRICES 17 Oil and Gas Prices and their Determinants Chapter 1. Oil and Gas Prices and their Determinants T his ... 07 Chapter3. Economic and SocialImpactsof  three Oil and Gas PriceScenarios. 09 Chapter4. Ireland’sdependenceon Oil and Gas.  15 Chapter5. Options and actionstoreduce  exposuretoHigh Oil and Gas Prices. ... moderate and steady outlook for oil and gas prices. 3 For the purpose of this analysis we view oil and gas prices as a coupled entity and interchange between discussions of oil, gas and both...

... approves and supervises most oil and gas operations on American Indian lands. The BLM regulations governing onshore oil and gas operations are codified at 43 CFR Part 3160 (onshore oil and gas operations). ... Groundwater Information Center at the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, the Utah Division of Oil, Gas, and Mining, and the Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission. In addition, the U.S. Geological ... operations). Onshore oil and gas orders (OOGOs) implement and supplement the regulations found at 43 CFR Part 3160 for conducting oil and gas operations on federal or Indian lands. Notices to...

... performance standard for sulfur dioxide; an air toxics standard for major sources of oil and natural gas production; and an air toxics standard for major sources of natural gas transmission and storage. ... reviews of these standards every eight years. EPA’s existing air toxics standards for oil and natural gas production, and the standards for natural gas transmission and storage were issued ... the oil and natural gas industry while allowing continued, responsible growth in U.S. oil and natural gas production. The final rules include the first federal air standards for natural gas...

... sets the standards. Or at least many countries base their standards very closely on the IEC standards (for example, Germany's VDE 0530 standard and Great Britain's BS 2613 Standard closely ... 35.0 amps. Base Speed (R.P.M.) and Frequency (HERTZ) Base speed is the speed, given in RPM, at which the motor develops rated horsepower at rated voltage and frequency. Base speed is an indication ... 34 - 1 standard). The N EMA and IEC standards are quite similar, although they sometimes use different terminology. Thus, if one understands the IEC nameplate, it is fairly easy to understand a...

... essential oil and shikimic acid from star anise fruits. With this method, obtaining yield of essential oil and shikimic acid respectively are 9.5% and 5.6% (essential oil content and shikimic ... Sciences and Technology 26 (2010) 110-113 113 for obtaining simultaneously essential oil and shikimic acid from star anise fruits. The yield of essential oil and shikimic acid were 9.5% and ... N 0 1, N 0 2 and N 0 3 were shown at table 1 and table 2. Table 1. Obtaining simultaneously essential oil and shikimic acid from star anise fruits by methods N 0 1, N 0 2 and N 0 3 Star...

... B&W low speed engines 280 11 Mitsubishi low speed engines 347 12 Sulzer low speed engines 371 13 Burmeister & Wain low speed engines 438 14 Doxford low speed engines 465 15 MAN low speed engines ... development and wider application of dual-fuel and gas- diesel engines, which have earned breakthroughs in offshore support vessel, ferry and LNG carrier propulsion. LOWER SPEEDS, LARGER BORES Specific ... input and output gears are respectively Pounder’s Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines Eighth edition i a decade later the fleet had grown to some 2000 ships of almost two million grt; and by...

...  requiringnatural gas orpropaneasasourceofheat;therebysavingvaluable and diminishing naturalresources.Spaceheaters and furnacesareexcellentcandidates.Stoves and other cookingunitssuchasbarbecuegrillscanalsobefueledbythewater‐hybridsystem.Such applicationsrequireaseparatepowersupplytoconvertyourhomes120voltACpowerintothe 12voltDCpowerrequiredbythewater‐hybridsystem.Youcanpurchaseaninexpensivepower supplyatanyelectronicsstoresuchasRadioShack,or havesomeonefamiliarwithelectronics buildoneforyousincethedesignisverysimple.Thecostofhomeelectricityusedbythe water‐hybridsystemisinsignificant,probablylessthan$3permonthinmostcases.  IstheWaterhybridsystemdifficulttobuild? No,thewater‐hybridsystemisrelativelyeasytoassemble and veryeasytoinstall,especially comparedwithotherconversionplansonthemarket.Nospecialtoolsarerequired.Theusual tool and equipmentfoundinatypicalhomeworkshopwilldothejob.AssemblingtheHyTronic moduletoachieveitsinherenthighlevelofreliabilityrequirescare and attentiontodetails, alongwithaverageelectronicsskills.Theonlyspecialpieceoftestequipmentyoumaywantto haveaccesstouseisanoscilloscope.ItISNOTnecessary,butmayhelpyouobtainpeak efficiencyfromtheHyTronicsmodule.But,youshouldn’thaveanyproblemgettinghelpfroma localelectronicsguruifyoudon’thaveanoscilloscope.Mostfolksaresofascinatedbyunusual electronicsystems and devicesthattheywouldalmostbewillingtopayyoufortheprivilegeof tweakingyourHyTronicsmodule!  CanIbuyareadytoinstallWaterhybridsystem? Rightnow,thisspecificwater‐hybridsystemisnotbeingcommerciallymanufactured,butthere arevariousdistributorsaroundthecountrywhoofferDIY(Doityourself)partsorfully assembledkitsutilizingsimilartechnologies and principles. PlanningisintheinitialstagesforproducingWater‐hybridconversionkitsformost vehicles and eventuallymanufacturingtheentiresystem,oratleastitsmajorcomponents.We’re hopingtohavesomeprototypekitstestedsoon and deliveryofready‐to‐installkitsshould beginsometimebeforetheendof2008.However,you’llsoonbebuildingyourown! 23 RunaCaronWater  2. ... Besurepetroleumjellycoatsonlytheendcapthreads. 17 RunaCaronWater   Figure5:GeneratorElectrodeCircuitSchematic  18 RunaCaronWater  ThesquarewavepulseratiodeterminestheamountofcurrentsenttotheGenerator electrodesbythecircuitoffigure5.Iftheratioislow(1:1),verylittlecurrentarrivesatthe electrodes.So,verylittlehydrogen and oxygenareproducedbytheGenerator.Iftheratiois high(10:1),maximumcurrentreachestheelectrodes and theGeneratorproducesmaximum gas volume.Varyingvoltageinputfromapotentiometerconnectedviaa10Kresistortopin3of componentLM741causesthecircuittovarythepulseratio, and thereforecontrolstheamount ofgasesproduced.Thepotentiometershaftconnectsto thevehiclethrottlelinkage,enabling controlof gas volumeindirectresponsetovoltagechangescorrelatingwithrotationofthe potentiometershaftinrelationtothrottlepositioning.Atrimmingpotentiometerconnectspins 2 and 6ofcomponentLM741,enablingpreciseadjustmentofthethrottleinputsignal.A secondtrimmingpotentiometerconnectspins4 and 7ofcomponentNE555,enablingprecise pulsewidthadjustment. TheelectrodepairsofeachGeneratorexhibitauniquefrequencyofelectricalresonanceat whichoptimum gas volumeiscreated.Thisfrequencyoftenvariesconsiderablyamong differentGenerators.Severalfactorsdetermineresonancefrequencysuchas:electrodesize and shape,Generatorchambersize and shape,spacingbetweenelectrodes,coilparameters and relativepositioning, and pulseamplitude(voltagelevel).Atrimmingpotentiometer connectedbetweenpins1 and 2ofcomponentCD4069allowstheprecisefrequencytobe obtained.Byselectingvariouscombinationsofdipswitchconnectionstoabankoffour capacitors,pulsefrequencycanbevariedbetweenapproximately8KHz and 260KHz. ... Usingyourfinger,applyaverythin,butunbroken,coatofepoxycompletelyaroundthe bottomedge(rodend)oftheouterelectrode.Formabandexte4ndingabout¼”highfrom thebottomedge,coatingboththeinside and outsidesurfacesoftheelectrode. Note Besuretoinstalltheouterelectrodefirst. Note Theprocedureofstep41centerstheinnerelectrodewithintheouterelectrode.Donot overlaptapeendsifmoretapeisadded;simplybuttthetapeendsbeforecontinuingto wrap. 12 RunaCaronWater   Forafewbriefmoments,onlymoreaccuratealignment and increasedpullingactionuponthe watermoleculesoccurs.But,theHyTronicssignalpulseskeepchargingthewatercapacitorto higher and highervoltagelevels;actuallyseveralthousandvolts.Suddenlytheelectricalforces becomesogreatthatthewatermoleculesburstapart(scientistscallthisactiondisassociation) intotheirgaseousformsofhydrogen and oxygen.IfyouwereabletolookintotheGenerator, thisactionwouldbeobviousbecauseoftheformationofmillionsoftinyhydrogen and oxygen gas bubbles.AslongastheHyTronicssignalisapplied,thewatercapacitorremainsfully charged;continuouslycreatingorthohydrogen and oxygen. Anotherelectroniccircuitisformedbythegeneratorcoil.Thisisaninductivecircuit,meaningit createsamagneticfieldasopposedtothechargedfieldcreatedbythewatercapacitor.The verylowfrequencyHyTronicssignal(actuallyashortpulse)activatesthemagneticfieldofthe coil.Assoonasthepulsestops,themagneticfieldcollapses.Thiscreatesanevenstronger magneticfield,butafieldofoppositepolarity.Thatishowaninductivecircuitworks,anaction commonlycalled“inductivekick.”Eachpulseispreciselytimedsothatalmostimmediately afterthemagneticfieldreverses,anothershortpulsearrives.Onceagainthecoilischarged and itsmagneticfieldcollapses.Butnowthecontinuallyreversingmagneticfieldbecomeseven strongerduetoaddedenergyofeachnewpulse.Eventually(actuallywithinjustafewseconds) thecoilreachesitsmaximummagneticstrength,calleditssaturationpoint. Mostmoleculesareeffectedbymagneticfields.Thecoil’sreversingmagneticfieldsvibratethe watermoleculessovigorouslythattheydisassociateintogaseousformsofparahydrogen and oxygen.Disassociationobservablyoccurs,asseenbythecreationofmillionsoftinyhydrogen and oxygen gas bubblesaroundthecoil. Atthispoint,we’vecoveredtheconceptsneededtounderstandthebasicfunctioningofthe generator.EveryothercomponentoftheWater‐hybridsystemissimplyusedtoprecisely controltheactionofthegenerator.Byvaryingthestrength and frequencyoftheHyTronic signals,the ratebywhichhydrogen and oxygenarecreatedcanbevariedtomatchengine requirementsatanyparticularmoment.Waterissuppliedbythetank and pump,whilewater levelwithintheGeneratoriscontrolledbyalevelsensor and switch.Forsafetypurposes,a reliefvalveprotectsagainstexcesspressurebuildupwithinthegenerator.Separateportsare providedforattachinghosestoroute gas totheengine and toanoptionalgaugetomonitor gas pressurebuildupwithinthegenerator.Adrainvalveisinstalledtoallowperiodicflushingof accumulatedminerals and contaminants.Thebottomendcapisthreaded sothatthe Generatorcaneasilybeopenedupforinspectionorrepair and foroccasionalcleaningofthe electrodes and coil.Twopairsofstainlesssteel(copper,oranyconductivemetal)rodends 19 RunaCaronWater   Figure6:GeneratorCoilCircuitSchematic TheGeneratorcoilcircuitcreatesapulsedsignalverymuchsimilartothatoftheelectrode circuitoffigure5;but,productionofparahydrogen and oxygenbythecoilentailstotally differentoperatingparametersthandoesorthohydrogen and oxygenproductionbythe electrodes.Optimumoperatingfrequencyforthecoilismuch lower,withintherangeof approximately16Hzto25Hz.Coilfrequencydirectlycorrelatestotheoptimumoperating frequencyoftheelectrodecircuitsinceitsinputsignalisreceiveddirectlyfrompin3of electrodecircuitcomponentNE555.Theelectrodecircuitsignalisreceivedviathe“Divideby N”logiccircuitwhichproducesoneoutputsignalinresponsetoaspecificnumberofinput signals.Forexample,iftheoptimalfrequencyoftheelectrodecircuitis19KHz and the“Divide byN”logiccircuitcreatesoneoutputpulseforevery1,000inputpulses,theoutputfrequency ofthe“Divide byN”logiccircuitwouldbe19Hz.Thatsignalisreceivedviapin2ofcomponent NE555,whichcreatestherequiredsquarewavepulses.Thosepulsesaresentviapin3tothe baseoftransistor2N3055,wheretheyareamplified and transmittedtothecoil. 11 RunaCaronWater  toslowitsburningrate.Atbestthisisaninexactsciencesinceitdependsupontryingto averagetheoctanerequirementsformillionsofengines. Technicallyspeaking,theHydrogen/OxygenGeneratoritselfisanelectronic‐basedunit.The twoelectrodesformabasiccapacitor,thousandsoftimeslargerthancapacitors usedintypical circuits,withwateractingasitsdielectric.Theinnerelectrodeisnegativelycharged, and the outerelectrodeispositivelycharged,bythehighfrequencyHyTronicssignal.Chemically,each watermolecule(H20)iscomposedoftwopositivelychargedatomsofhydrogen and one negativelychargedatomofoxygen.Since oppositechargesattract,thepositivelycharged hydrogenatomsarepulledtowardtheinnerelectrode.But,atthesameinstant,thenegatively chargedoxygenatomsarepulledtowardtheouterelectrode.Thisactionalignseverywater moleculebetweentheelectrodes,withtheendsofeachmoleculebeingpulledinopposite directions.Inanutshell,thisisthehydrolysisprocesscentraltohydrogenextraction.  Figure1:Hydrogen/OxygenGenerator 22 RunaCaronWater  Let’sBuildthewaterhybridsystem!:GeneratorConstruction Electrodes Sinceenginerequirementsdictatethevolumeofhydrogen and oxygengasesthatthegenerator mustcreate, and gas volumeisvariable,Irecommendsizingitaslargeasispracticaltoallow reservecapacity.Maximumoutsidediameterof4.5”isalreadydeterminedbytheconstruction materialusedfortheGeneratorhousing: 4”CPVCSchedule80pipe.Irecommendaminimum heightof10”.Maximumheightdependsuponavailablespacewithintheenginecompartment but,forstructuralintegrity,limitheightto18”.Carefullychecktheenginecompartmentofyour vehicletoensurethatadequatespaceexistsforgeneratorinstallation.Ifadequatespacedoes notexisteitherlimitthegeneratorheight(butnotlessthan10”),orlocatethegeneratorwithin thetrunk,orasfarforwardaspossibleunderthedash.  1....

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