sorption and degradation of selected pharmaceuticals in soil and manure

... is often employed in drinking water treatment facilities Ozone and UV can be used as oxidants and disinfectants, but chlorine and chloramines are most often employed for final disinfection in ... 127–134 Ye, Z., Weinberg, H.S., and Meyer, M.T Occurence of antibiotics in drinking water, 4th International Conference on Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Water, Minneapolis, ... chlorine to form N-chloroamines that can further decompose The kinetics and mechanisms of sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and three fluoroquinolone antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... using the urinary excretion of retinol-binding protein, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, β2microglobulin, aminoacids, and calcium as markers of renal tubular dysfunction Cadmium CADMIUM in Drinking ... cadmium in drinking water The study involved exposure of male and female rats to cadmium chloride in drinking water, from the beginning of gestation, through postnatal growth and maturation and one ... proteins (retinol-binding protein, N-acetyl-βglucosaminidase, and β2-microglobulin) as well as aminoacids and calcium The PHG was calculated using an overall uncertainty factor of 100 (made up of...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 23:22

... ion of the analyte Ais = integrated abundance of the quantitation ion internal standard Qx = quantity of analyte injected in ng or concentration units Qis = quantity of internal standard injected ... used in this method as internal standards, are rapidly oxidized and/ or chlorinated in water containing residual chlorine Therefore, residual chlorine must be reduced at the time of sampling These ... sample Ais = integrated abundance of the quantitation ion of the internal standard in the sample Qis = total quantity (in micrograms) of internal standard added to the water sample V = original water...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 14:20

... world facing increasing population, dwindling supplies of fresh water, and increased pollution of existing water supplies The list of courageous individuals and groups who are addressing, in their ... evident of those in lower economic strata 30 C Ray and R Jain The Uttarakhand state of India is located in the northern regions of the country, nestled against China and Nepal The region of Uttarakhand ... fecal-released contaminant, acts as a parasite to infect the small intestine and cause diarrhea It can be found in the stool of infected individuals and can exist in one of two forms: an active...

Ngày tải lên: 30/05/2014, 22:56

... of a line of particle counting equipment from inception, including some of the circuit design and engineering Mr Broadwell provides independent consultation for particle counting technology and ... Instrumentation and Design, Inc., for assistance in clarifying some of the issues with software and SCADA integration Most of the manufacturers have been generous in providing materials and information ... overview of particle counting, including the basic principles of operation, application in the treatment process, and the fundamentals of installation, operation, maintenance, data collection, and...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... for standard drinking water treatment It is therefore no surprise that particle counting technology has been so quickly embraced in the industry, in spite of the technological shortcomings B ... story of a troublesome employee who kept avoiding being fired by winning his union grievance hearings His manager was nonplussed, stating that, “He’s got to win every time I’ve only got to win once.” ... with the initial sand filter stage of an RO process This filter was producing a large number of particles between and 10 µm, which were passing straight through the 10 µm pre-filter and shortening the...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... within its flow range, and has the capability of reading an analog input signal See Figure 3.3 d Determining the Best Approach There is no easy fix for maintaining optimal sample flow outside of intelligent ... computer interfacing will have to be handled by someone with more specialized training Data handling and computer maintenance will be discussed in the sections of the book related to that subject Maintenance ... guide for setting maintenance schedules and minimizing unexpected problems A written log will also aid in transferring that wealth of experience to new personnel At the beginning of a new log,...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... individual data points into context, and provide a sensible framework for interpreting unexpected changes in that data The importance of trend displays to understanding and using particle counters ... composed of various combinations of these sounds The combination of sounds into words and words into phrases would be ordered according to the grammar of the particular language (or protocol) involved ... Most of the uncertainty and confusion surrounding particle counting would be eliminated if operators would work with trends and quit being overly concerned about individual count values, or inexact...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... laboratory sample-handling and testing skills c Particle counter sample collection and handling This involves a lot of “hands-on” work with the grab sampler Have each operator collect and run the same ... status of the online particle counters in the plant Some grab samplers are capable of operating as online units, and can be used as a spare, or to monitor a point in the process where no online ... particle counting and run with it Many of the problems inherent in collecting and running samples have been touched upon earlier in this chapter To summarize them, the high sensitivity of the particle...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... structure of the flow cell windows cause minute scattering and blurring of the laser light source The combination of all these factors results in a noise level that can be observed and measured ... relation to calibration and other issues D COINCIDENCE Coincidence was discussed in Chapter in relation to sample dilution Basically, it is the “coincidence” of two or more particles in the sensor view ... ranging in size from 4.5 to 5.5 µm could be measured as µm in size Resolution measurement is a somewhat sticky subject in the particle counter industry It will be discussed in further detail in...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... increase the problems with reflections Stainless steel flow cells cannot be coated in this way, and thus require finer alignment to minimize reflections C SAMPLE FITTINGS A variety of sample fittings ... imperfections in the material diffuse the light and are a source of resolution and sizing error Quartz may have fewer imperfections as far as optical quality is concerned It is a softer material ... softer material than sapphire, and thus can be bored and polished to create the single window piece This softness accounts for the fact that it can be scratched from cleaning, or from contact with...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... applications in drinking water treatment The PHA is used to provide a histogram of all the particles in a given volume of water A “histogram” is a sort of graphical history of the particles present in ... will begin a presentation of the types of counters available with the simplest, and move up in complexity from there The output of the counter electronics will either be in the form of a to 20 ... for computer interface As each of these is discussed in detail elsewhere in the book, the present discussion will focus on the counting function of these circuits Particles passing through the...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... FEATURES 95 As outlined above, the number and location of the analog inputs should be sufficient for all required instruments, and convenient for installation A spare input can come in handy for future ... these inputs, and to 20 mA particle counters would have no use for them The number of analog inputs provided will vary from unit to unit Certainly turbidity and loss -of- head are useful inputs and ... transmitting instrument, and connected to different receiving instruments Ground loops may result in offsets, which create erroneous signals Output Scaling Particle counters provide various means of...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... in the form of to 20 mA current loops Serial interfaces are becoming more common, with the growing complexity of newer instruments and the need for greater accuracy Most of the major SCADA software ... compatibility of data transfer have resulted in the development of OPC (OLE for Process Control) OPC is an industry standard put together by leading providers of instrumentation and control systems in collaboration ... continuously since the data are only updated every minute or so Remote Programming Most of the particle counters currently in production allow remote programming of particle size ranges and other...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... encased in a protective plastic shell They are inexpensive, and can hold about 1.4 MB (million bytes) of data in the standard 3.5-inch format The increasing size of software applications and the ... opposed to typing in text commands.) The earlier versions of Windows (3.1 and 3.11) are designed to process data in 16-bit words, and the more recent Windows 95/98/2000 versions and Windows NT systems ... motherboard b Mouse and Keyboard The mouse and keyboard are the means of controlling and inputting data into the computer Several types of mice and keyboards are available, most providing different...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... the standpoint of access to wiring terminals, which will simplify installation and removal Sensor Characteristics The particle counting sensor is the heart of the system In addition to providing ... have to be handled When the enclosure must be opened for cleaning the sensor, the time and effort required is increased This makes the task of maintaining the sensor a little harder, and thus easier ... keep up the routine maintenance without a lot of prompting, or will it take a few alarms to produce any action? How well are the current plant instruments maintained? Much of the demand for electronic...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... easier to contaminate the cell windows The tubing may need to be replaced more often As was the case for the online units, cell cleaning involves removing and reinstalling sample tubing to the sensor, ... which increases the likelihood of leaks The pump, strainer, and battery are additional components that will require access for service and maintenance Counting Electronics The same types of counting ... need cleaning with intermittent use If the window surfaces dry off, it is possible for water spots to form, affecting the optical clarity of the cell With many different types of samples being run...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... a significant increase in the cost of the units F FIELD VERIFICATION OF CALIBRATION One area of increasing relevance is that of field verification Although the cost and complexity of in- house calibration ... counting and sizing accuracy A brief description of each method is outlined below Size Verification This test involves the introduction of PSL spheres in a similar manner to that discussed in Section ... online in the plant The second involves running a grab sampler as a calibrated standard Currently in development is a count and size standard solution that can be used to verify operation of...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... current manufacturers offering particle counting equipment in the drinking water industry are Met One, Chemtrac, Hach, IBR, Art Instruments, and ATI ATI is a drinking water instrument manufacturer ... the drinking water industry This despite the presence of Hach and Chemtrac and somehow in ignorance of the virtually complete dominance that Hiac Royco and Met One maintained in the even more lucrative ... marketing in the water treatment industry In the biggest “off-field” development in the particle counting industry, around the end of 1995, Pacific Scientific Instruments, the parent company of Hiac...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... fittings on the sensor, which is located inside the NEMA enclosure Short lengths of tubing are then run from the sensor inlet and outlet to nylon quick-disconnect fittings mounted on the walls of ... drinking water application Each employs a standard aluminum flow cell housing with a monolithic fused silica flow cell with an antireflective coating The WPC 2000 is designed for µm sensitivity, and ... is available in two concentrations Higher concentration limits are obtained by shrinking the flow path dimensions from 400 µm × 400 µm to 150 µm × 1000 µm B CELL WINDOWS The Chemtrac and IBR sensors...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20