so tay mac thep
Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 1
... chipping is done with a cold chisel in a pneumatic hammer. Machine chipping may be done with a planer or a milling machine. Scarfing, by hand or machine, removes defects with an oxygen torch. This can ... John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.) 1.21 EFFECTS OF GRAIN SIZE As indicated in Fig. 1.14, when a low-carbon steel is heated above the A 1 temperature line, austenite, a solid solution of carbon ... Association of Iron and Steel Engineers, Pittsburgh, Pa.) 1.22 ANNEALING AND NORMALIZING Structural steels may be annealed to relieve stresses induced by cold or hot working. Some- times, also,...
Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2012, 16:13
Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 2
... can mean that jacks must FABRICATION AND ERECTION 2.5 machines can handle plates up to 30 by 120 in by 1 1 ⁄ 4 in thick. CNC machines are also available for fabricating W shapes, including punching ... the steel fabricator. Detail drawings can be generated by computer with software developed for that purpose. Some computer software simply provides a graphic *Revised Sect. 2, previously authored ... for controlling the shape of the weld. In some cases, the coating also adds alloying elements. As the arc moves along, the molten metal left behind solidifies in a homogeneous deposit, or weld. The...
Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2012, 16:13
Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 3
... exceed a certain limit. Steels also are isotropic; i.e., the elastic properties are the same in all directions. The material also may be assumed homogeneous, so the smallest element of a steel ... 3.6 SECTION THREE FIGURE 3.6 Resolution of concurrent forces. (a) Noncurrent forces F 1 and F 2 resolved into force components parallel to x and y axes. (b) The forces are resolved into a moment M and ... COMPONENTS OF STRESS AND STRAIN Suppose that a plane cut is made through a solid in equilibrium under the action of some forces (Fig. 3.12a). The distribution of force on the area A in the plane...
Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2012, 16:13
Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 4
... types of structural steel framing. For some frequently used complex framing, however, a specific adaptation of the general theory often expedites the analysis. In some cases, for example, formulas ... needed for an analysis. In some other cases, where use of the general theory is required, specific methods can be developed to simplify analysis. This section presents some of the more important ... tension may be computed from Eq. (4.117). Also, application of this equation to the bending-moment equations for the midpoints of each cable and simultaneous solution of the resulting pair of equations...
Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2012, 16:13
Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 5
... American Association of State Highway and Trans- portation Officials (AASHTO), ‘‘Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges,’’ 1996; and the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association ... and resulting stresses. Also, if hydrogen is present, preheating allows more time for this gas to escape. Use of low-hydrogen electrodes, with suitable moisture control, also is advantageous in controlling ... resulting from arc strikes should be ground to a smooth contour and checked for soundness. To avoid cracks and for other reasons, standard specifications require that under certain conditions, before...
Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2012, 16:13
Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 6
... Impact Type of member Source of impact Percent Supporting Elevators and elevator machinery 100 Supporting Light machines, shaft or motor-driven 20 Supporting Reciprocating machines or power-driven ... American Society of Civil Engineers. The map scales, how- ever, may be too small for use for some regions, especially where the amount of local variation is extreme or high country is involved. Some ... 6.1 SECTION 6 BUILDING DESIGN CRITERIA R. A. LaBoube, P.E. Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri Building designs generally are controlled by local or state...
Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2012, 16:13
Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 7
... framing system also can consist of vertical diagonal braces or shear walls whose primary function is to resist lateral loads. Mixed bracing systems and rigid steel frames are also common in tall ... for a length that exceeds the limiting unbraced length for full plastic bending capacity L p . Also, the nominal moment capacity is less than M p , when the ratio of the compression-element width ... of practice must be maintained in selecting member sizes. Dynamic properties of the beams are also important design para- meters in determining the vibration behavior of floor systems for various...
Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2012, 16:13
Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 8
... Although there is a cost premium associated with lightweight concrete, sometimes the savings in steel framing and foundation costs can outweigh the premium. Also, lightweight concrete in suf- ficient ... sizes. Also, in the case of composite beams and girders, LRFD will typically require more shear connectors than ASD, thereby offsetting some of the cost savings in material. A comparison of composite ... is available with depths of 4 1 ⁄ 2 ,6,and 7 1 ⁄ 2 in from some manufacturers. Cellular roof deck is sometimes used to provide a smooth soffit. When a lightweight insulating concrete fill is placed...
Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2012, 16:13
Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 9
... the seismic zone and the soil conditions at the site. In general, soft soils translate into larger seismic coefficients. In seismic zone 4, C V and C a also depend upon the seismic source type and the ... 2.0, and it depends upon the seismic source type and the distance from this source. N V is always 1.0 for structures more than 15 km from the source and for source type C. T is the fundamental ... coupled. They can be solved simultaneously by a number of methods. However, the single-degree- of-freedom response spectrum method is also commonly used for multidegree-of-freedom systems. The solution is...
Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2012, 16:13
Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 10
... stress is taken as 75% of the specified minimum (or 62 ksi or 428 MPa if less). Some exceptions apply. Suitability can also be established by structural tests. 10.2 MANUFACTURING METHODS AND EFFECTS As ... thick, with a 1 ⁄ 2 in stiffener lip on the edge of the flange. The stud depth is sometimes increased to 5.5 in so that thicker insulation can be used in the cavity, or for high walls or severe ... the bracing provided by the sheathing. Testing can also be used to establish the strength of assemblies. Steel stud wall assemblies with sheathing also serve as in-plane shear diaphragms to brace the...
Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2012, 16:13
Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 11
... least 5 ⁄ 16 in. Tension-member components also may be tied together with end stay plates and lacing bars like compression members. The last fastener in the stay plates preferably should also pass through the end ... COST-EFFECTIVE HIGHWAY BRIDGE DESIGN Robert L. Nickerson,* P.E. President, NBE, Ltd., Hampstead, Maryland Dennis Mertz,* P.E. Assoc. Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, ... between nearer lines of connection. When stay plates are used to tie components together, the clear distance between them should be 3 ft or less. Length of end stay plates between end fasteners should...
Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2012, 16:13
Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 12
... moments, 12(2260 ϩ 770 ϩ 3832) 2 A ϭϭ 38.1 in sb 36 ϫ 60 Since the part of the web below the neutral axis will also carry some force, a bottom flange 20 ϫ 1 1 ⁄ 2 in (A sb ϭ 30.0 in 2 ) will be tried first. For the ... bearing plate through a thin sole plate welded to the beam flange. The bearing may be a flat steel plate or an elastomeric pad. At interior supports of continuous beams, sole plates should be wider than ... of two axles 4 ft apart, each axle weighing 24 kips, is usually also required and should be used if it causes higher stresses. Some states prefer 30 kip axles instead of 24 kips. Dead Loads. Superstructure...
Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2012, 16:13
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