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Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 1

Danh mục: Kiến trúc - Xây dựng

... chipping is done with a cold chisel in a pneumatic hammer. Machine chipping maybe done with a planer or a milling machine.Scarﬁng, by hand or machine, removes defects with an oxygen torch. This can ... John Wiley & Sons,Inc., New York.)1.21 EFFECTS OF GRAIN SIZEAs indicated in Fig. 1.14, when a low-carbon steel is heated above the A1temperature line,austenite, a solid solution of carbon ... Association of Ironand Steel Engineers, Pittsburgh, Pa.)1.22 ANNEALING AND NORMALIZINGStructural steels may be annealed to relieve stresses induced by cold or hot working. Some-times, also,...

Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 2

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... can mean that jacks must FABRICATION AND ERECTION2.5machines can handle plates up to 30 by 120 in by 11⁄4in thick. CNC machines are alsoavailable for fabricating W shapes, including punching ... the steel fabricator. Detail drawings can be generated by computer withsoftware developed for that purpose. Some computer software simply provides a graphic*Revised Sect. 2, previously authored ... for controlling the shape of theweld. In some cases, the coating also adds alloying elements. As the arc moves along, themolten metal left behind solidiﬁes in a homogeneous deposit, or weld.The...

Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 3

Danh mục: Kiến trúc - Xây dựng

... exceed a certainlimit. Steels also are isotropic; i.e., the elastic properties are the same in all directions. Thematerial also may be assumed homogeneous, so the smallest element of a steel ... 3.6SECTION THREEFIGURE 3.6 Resolution of concurrent forces. (a) Noncurrent forces F1and F2resolved intoforce components parallel to x and y axes. (b) The forces are resolved into a moment M and ... COMPONENTS OF STRESS AND STRAINSuppose that a plane cut is made through a solid in equilibrium under the action of someforces (Fig. 3.12a). The distribution of force on the area A in the plane...

Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 4

Danh mục: Kiến trúc - Xây dựng

... typesof structural steel framing. For some frequently used complex framing, however, a speciﬁcadaptation of the general theory often expedites the analysis. In some cases, for example,formulas ... needed for an analysis. In some other cases, where use of the general theory isrequired, speciﬁc methods can be developed to simplify analysis.This section presents some of the more important ... tension may be computed from Eq. (4.117). Also, application of thisequation to the bending-moment equations for the midpoints of each cable and simultaneoussolution of the resulting pair of equations...

Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 5

Danh mục: Kiến trúc - Xây dựng

... American Association of State Highway and Trans-portation Ofﬁcials (AASHTO), ‘‘Standard Speciﬁcations for Highway Bridges,’’ 1996; andthe American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association ... andresulting stresses. Also, if hydrogen is present, preheating allows more time for this gas toescape. Use of low-hydrogen electrodes, with suitable moisture control, also is advantageousin controlling ... resulting fromarc strikes should be ground to a smooth contour and checked for soundness.To avoid cracks and for other reasons, standard speciﬁcations require that under certainconditions, before...

Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 6

Danh mục: Kiến trúc - Xây dựng

... ImpactType of member Source of impact PercentSupporting Elevators and elevator machinery 100Supporting Light machines, shaft or motor-driven 20Supporting Reciprocating machines or power-driven ... American Society of Civil Engineers. The map scales, how-ever, may be too small for use for some regions, especially where the amount of localvariation is extreme or high country is involved.Some ... 6.1SECTION 6BUILDING DESIGN CRITERIAR. A. LaBoube, P.E.Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla,Rolla, MissouriBuilding designs generally are controlled by local or state...

Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 7

Danh mục: Kiến trúc - Xây dựng

... framing system also can consistof vertical diagonal braces or shear walls whose primary function is to resist lateral loads.Mixed bracing systems and rigid steel frames are also common in tall ... for a length that exceeds the limiting unbraced length for full plastic bendingcapacity Lp. Also, the nominal moment capacity is less than Mp, when the ratio of thecompression-element width ... of practice must be maintained inselecting member sizes. Dynamic properties of the beams are also important design para-meters in determining the vibration behavior of ﬂoor systems for various...

Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 8

Danh mục: Kiến trúc - Xây dựng

... Althoughthere is a cost premium associated with lightweight concrete, sometimes the savings in steelframing and foundation costs can outweigh the premium. Also, lightweight concrete in suf-ﬁcient ... sizes. Also, in the case of composite beams andgirders, LRFD will typically require more shear connectors than ASD, thereby offsettingsome of the cost savings in material.A comparison of composite ... is available with depths of 41⁄2,6,and71⁄2in from some manufacturers. Cellular roof deck is sometimes used to provide a smoothsofﬁt. When a lightweight insulating concrete ﬁll is placed...

Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 9

Danh mục: Kiến trúc - Xây dựng

... theseismic zone and the soil conditions at the site. In general, soft soils translate into largerseismic coefﬁcients. In seismic zone 4, CVand Caalso depend upon the seismic source typeand the ... 2.0, and it depends upon the seismic source type and the distance from this source. NVis always 1.0 for structures more than 15 km from the source and for source type C.T is the fundamental ... coupled.They can be solved simultaneously by a number of methods. However, the single-degree-of-freedom response spectrum method is also commonly used for multidegree-of-freedomsystems. The solution is...

Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 10

Danh mục: Kiến trúc - Xây dựng

... stressis taken as 75% of the speciﬁed minimum (or 62 ksi or 428 MPa if less). Some exceptionsapply. Suitability can also be established by structural tests.10.2 MANUFACTURING METHODS AND EFFECTSAs ... thick, witha1⁄2in stiffener lip on the edge of the ﬂange. The stud depth is sometimes increased to 5.5in so that thicker insulation can be used in the cavity, or for high walls or severe ... thebracing provided by the sheathing. Testing can also be used to establish the strength ofassemblies.Steel stud wall assemblies with sheathing also serve as in-plane shear diaphragms to bracethe...

Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 11

Danh mục: Kiến trúc - Xây dựng

... least5⁄16in.Tension-member components also may be tied together with end stay plates and lacingbars like compression members. The last fastener in the stay plates preferably should alsopass through the end ... COST-EFFECTIVEHIGHWAY BRIDGE DESIGNRobert L. Nickerson,* P.E.President, NBE, Ltd.,Hampstead, MarylandDennis Mertz,* P.E.Assoc. Professor of Civil Engineering,University of Delaware,Newark, ... between nearer lines of connection.When stay plates are used to tie components together, the clear distance between themshould be 3 ft or less. Length of end stay plates between end fasteners should...

Sổ tay kết cấu thép - Section 12

Danh mục: Kiến trúc - Xây dựng

... moments,12(2260ϩ770ϩ3832)2Aϭϭ38.1 insb36ϫ60Since the part of the web below the neutral axis will also carry some force, a bottom ﬂange20ϫ11⁄2in (Asbϭ30.0 in2) will be tried ﬁrst. For the ... bearing platethrough a thin sole plate welded to the beam ﬂange. The bearing may be a ﬂat steel plateor an elastomeric pad. At interior supports of continuous beams, sole plates should be widerthan ... of two axles 4 ft apart, eachaxle weighing 24 kips, is usually also required and should be used if it causes higher stresses.Some states prefer 30 kip axles instead of 24 kips.Dead Loads. Superstructure...