scientific revolutions and the scientific community

... discovery of the light bulb and the electric motor In the mid-1940s, when the nuclear force was harnessed, the world was again t u r n e d upside down with the development of the atomic and hydrogen ... practical question: If the theory is proved correct, then when will we be able to harness the power of the hyperspace theory? This is not just an academic question, because in the past, the harnessing ... tilted a b o u t 23 degrees from the vertical (the 'vertical" being the perpendicular to the plane of the earth's orbit a r o u n d the sun) Because of this tilt, the northe r n h e m i s p h e r e...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 16:14

... either in the best, or even in the most current, conception of the scope and province of our science The employment of the word Logic to denote the theory of Argumentation, is derived from the ... they appear at the time, and the size and color of the same or of similar objects as they appeared when close at hand, or when their degree of remoteness was known by other evidence The perception ... principles But the bulk of mankind require either to understand the theory of what they are doing, or to have rules laid down for them by those who have understood the theory In the progress of...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 13:20

... exactly on the path of the circular ray so that the axis of the tube and the path of the ray coincide The astronauts know that the axis of the tube is circular because Bob has measured the curvature ... rotate their spacecraft so that the stretched spring always points toward a mark on the hull The direction of the spring is therefore ịxed in the ship but not in space On the other hand, the gyroscope ... the weight: the gravitational force and the centrifugal force To measure either one of these forces alone, Bob and Alice must change the orientation of their spaceships as they orbit the black...

Ngày tải lên: 12/05/2014, 14:49

... mature in the thymus and in the bone marrow, then circulate through the body and lymphoid organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes Copyright 1993 Scientific American, Inc The current understanding ... break oÝ and travel to the cell surface They serve as ripe targets for the T cell, which can then attack the infected cell and inhibit the spread of the virus So far I have described T and B lymphocytes ... lymphatics and travel through the fluid in the lymphatic vessels until they reach the bloodstream and spread their protective influence around the body Eventually the lymphocytes flow into other lymph...

Ngày tải lên: 12/05/2014, 14:50

... on the test range, withdrew from the explosion and then returned for lessons in decontaminating the equipment they had left on the site.” in the stellar universe before Indeed, the motion of the ... but if the theorists were right, I had to go back to the lab and continue searching And maybe what I was trying to create— on the type of atoms in the material and their crystal structure— the spacing ... justifiable to claim the example of the Neanderthals shows The Neanderthals left behind precious few hints of symbolic abilities in the abundant record they bequeathed us of their lives, and it is clear...

Ngày tải lên: 12/05/2014, 16:11

... specification of the probability of any hypothesis in the light of the available empirical evidence The honesty of na¨ve falsificationism demanded the testing of the falsifiable and the ı rejection of the unfalsifiable ... science in England The simultaneous combination of the decline in the fortunes of religion and the increase in the fortunes of science has often encouraged the assumption that the abandonment of ... was they who were routing the theologians, confounding the mystics, imposing their theories on philosophers, their investments on capitalists, and their discoveries on medical men; whilst they...

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 10:28

... trying to impose narrow norms and methods on scientific practice and today emphasizes the diversity of methods and of the means of discovery and justification [4,5] The scientific method is what ... only the testing of hypotheses, not their discovery, constitutes science and is covered by the scientific method This is an outdated idea The philosopher Hans Reichenbach [3] introduced the notions ... or acceptance of hypotheses, rather than an assessment of degrees of likelihood The p value in null hypothesis testing represents the probability of the data if the null hypothesis is true We believe...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 01:20

... represent the real motions of the planets, contradicted the Aristotelian concept of the nature of the universe The apparent loops in their orbits made by the planets in their retrograde motions and their ... from the Sun The Earth also rotated; this accounted for day and night and the apparent daily motion of the Sun across the sky Because the Pole Star retained its position in the northern part of the ... for the varied lengths of the seasons and the apparent changes in planetary distances from the Earth Changes at different times in the brightness of the planets and the apparent sizes of the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:32

... based on the difference between the means, and they will maintain their hypothesis if this difference is not too large On the other hand, those whose experience leads them to believe that the difference ... because the history of scientific theories is the history of the abandonment of old hypotheses and of the keeping of the newly formulated ones For example, when a law f (x, B) derived from theoretical ... each hypothesis considered, and a part that is not amenable to deduction and which postulates hypotheses and assigns prior probabilities to these; there is where the genius of invention and the mind...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:21

... precisely the purpose of the present thesis to defend the case for the mutual interdependence of (a) our understanding of ri as dōri and (b) our understanding of ri as butsuri The pursuit of each of these ... by the daotong 道統 , the lineage of transmission of the Way which traces its practice and manifestation in the human world back to Yao 堯 and Shun 舜, and from them to Confucius and Mencius and ... that is the case with scientific ideas Such then are some of the issues and problems which present themselves regarding the religious and scientific sides of Zhu Xi in our review of some of the contemporary...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:25

... motivate them and the means they employ in order to satisfy them, depend in fact very closely on their position in the field, i.e on their scientific capital and the power it gives them over the field ... between the principle giving primacy to observation and experimentation, and hence to the corresponding dispositions and capa- cities, and the principle which privileges theory and the correlative scientific ... increase, so the incorporated scientific capital needed in order to appropriate them and thereby gain access to scientific problems and tools, and thus to the scientific struggle, becomes greater and...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2016, 09:34

... (UNDP and others) What is needed, now and later? International support, cooperation and coordination Current international support to Viet Nam on CC • Support to the mitigation of effects of CC and ... resources, public and private • Stress capacity building at all levels, and focus on the most vulnerable social groups, localities, and the most sensitive economic sectors What is needed, now and later? ... reduction and emissions mitigation in all sorts of national strategies and national action plans; (b) to mobilize national and international financial resources to address the causes and effects...

Ngày tải lên: 24/01/2014, 00:20

... the young, and relatively few people survived into old age.3 As the proportion of the very old and the very young increases, the proportion of those in their youth and middle age diminishes The ... provide care for the elderly include the migration of young people and the effects of the HIV/AIDS pandemic The HIV/AIDS pandemic is characterized by the premature death of young and economically ... access health care The result of the survey indicated that, as with the elderly in other countries, the pensioners in Manonyane spent their pension income on their own health and for other family members...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 14:20

... determine their abundance, determine their associations among themselves and other organisms, measure their individual and community function, and be able to scale these measures from the microscopic ... establish the source of the noise and identify the roles of individuals and the spatial dynamics that allow them to perform these roles Additionally, the difficulty of evaluating the composition of the ... information on the activity of soil microfungi and the resources that they are consuming, but there is yet little linkage to the types and numbers of fungal species that produce the enzymes The reduction...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 01:20

... beyond the endotracheal tube tip The inner catheter is then extended cm further and the protective plug expelled, allowing the brush to be advanced another 1-2 cm, and then retracted into the sheath ... living in the United States, with reasonable access to healthcare The history, presentation, and examination of the child are the major determinants of the severity of the illness and the appropriate ... weighting of the quality of the evidence and the grade of the recommendation [3] (Table 1) A detailed description of the methods, background, and evidence summaries that support each of the recommendations...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 09:20

... as well as into the manner in which the books of the Branch are kept; and into the manner in which the Cashier and other Officers perform their respective duties; and report the result to this ... under the control of Andrew Dexter.7 Other failures followed in the wake of the Panic of 1819, the Panic of 1837, and almost every other financial calamity to strike the nation since, including the ... “commercial places” and kept in the hands of “men skilled in commercial affairs, and having their interests intimately blended with the commercial business and prosperity of the country.”121 The Merchants...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 08:20

... between the formal and material aspects of the latter The work then moves on to the issues of the interaction between competition and free movement These chapters explore the concept and structure ... commands, the law of one sovereign must apply at the expense of the law of the other, and in the federal or transnational union, if the union and integration—are to be meaningful, it must be the ... The initial focus of this work is the interaction, gaps and loopholes between the free movement and the competition rules of the Treaty establishing the European Community, which constitute the...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 01:20

... Names in the air 19 Ask participants to write their name in the air first with their right hand, then their left hand Finally, ask them to write their name in the air with both hands at the same ... defined the sign for their seat, the game begins The elephant makes their sign, and then makes the sign of another animal That animal makes his or her own sign, then the sign of another animal, and ... both hands together, and that sound is passed around the circle to create a rainstorm Then the facilitator slaps their thighs, and the group follows When the facilitator and the group stomp their...

Ngày tải lên: 22/05/2014, 13:08

... Financial Audit of the Housing and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii A Report to the Governor and the Legislature of the State of Hawaii Conducted by The Auditor State of Hawaii and KPMG LLP ... responsible for the overall management of the corporation, including the uniform application of policies, procedures, and practices as they relate to the responsibility of the State and the corporation ... of the Housing and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii, State of Hawaii for the fiscal year July 1, 1999 to June 30, 2000 The audit examined the financial records and transactions of the...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 02:20

... procedures, and reports; and to report on the financial statements of the corporation To ascertain whether expenses or deductions and other disbursements have been made and all revenues or additions and ... not limited to, the forms and records, the management information system, and the accounting and operating procedures The independent auditors’ opinion as to the fairness of the corporation’s ... private and public agencies The branch serves as liaison for the corporation with other agencies and community groups in developing strategies for resident and homeless related services and selfsufficiency...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 02:20