reserve s exit strategy and the threat of inflation

... the business of slavery Besides political activities, these efforts also included extensive research into the business of slavery and investment adjustments The simplest adjustments of course involved ... for Business, Ethics and Economics at the University of Kassel He is member of the board of the German and the Austrian Business Ethics Network and member of the Executive Committee of the European ... leaders In response to the 2008 finance crisis the President of the General Assembly established the ‘Commission of Experts of the President of the General Assembly on Reforms of the International...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2014, 23:32

... disclosure, in which the market s assessment of a jurisdiction s compliance with international regulatory standards translates into its risk assessment and effects the costs for institutions ... jurisdictions to make the necessary changes and take measures to protect the international financial system against the effects of these failures These measures could include: a Market incentives ... Settlement Systems of the G10 central banks and other appropriate agencies could explore the technical aspects of this issues and consider possible concrete measures, taking into account the efficiency...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 21:20

... Chapter of the book introduces the GPS system and its components Chapter examines the GPS signal structure, the GPS modernization, and the key types of the GPS measurements An in-depth discussion of ... using its built-in software The partial outcome of the signal processing consists of the distances to the GPS satellites through the digital codes (known as the pseudoranges) and the satellite ... number of users as well as being used for security reasons, GPS is a one-way-ranging (passive) system [2] That is, users can only receive the satellite signals This chapter introduces the GPS system,...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 14:20

... misunderstood area Chapters and address the various modes of GPS positioning and the issue of the ambiguity resolution of the carrier-phase measurements The various GPS services available on the ... examines the GPS signal structure, the GPS modernization, and the key types of the GPS measurements An in-depth discussion of the errors and biases that affect the GPS measurements, along with suggestions ... Once the receiver acquires the GPS signal, it will process it using its built-in software The partial outcome of the signal processing consists of the distances to the GPS satellites through the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... measuring the ranges (distances) from the receiver to the satellites is based on both the receiver and the GPS Details 19 satellite clocks GPS is also a timing system, that is, it can be used ... number of cycles, caused by temporary signal loss [1] Signal loss is caused by obstruction of the GPS satellite signal due to buildings, bridges, trees, and other objects (Figure 2.5) This is mainly ... measurements The pseudorange is a measure of the range, or distance, between the GPS receiver and the GPS satellite (more precisely, it is the distance between the GPS receiver s antenna and the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... humidity) gives satisfactory results in most cases 3.9 Satellite geometry measures The various types of errors and biases discussed earlier directly affect the accuracy of the computed GPS position ... Mission-planning software provides a number of plots to help in planning the GPS survey or mission The first plot is known as the sky plot, which represents the user s sky window by a series of ... L1 and L2 observables removes, to a high degree of accuracy, the effect of the ionosphere Mathematical modeling of these errors and biases is also possible In this chapter, the main GPS error sources...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... It is the official GPS reference system In other words, a GPS user who employs the broadcast ephemeris in the solution process will obtain his or her coordinates in the WGS 84 system The WGS 84 ... on whether the old or the improved NAD 83 system is used Although the sizes and shapes of the reference ellipsoids of the WGS 84 and the old NAD 83 are almost identical; their origins are shifted ... datums Therefore, to ensure consistency, it is necessary to establish the relationships between the local datums and the geocentric datums, such as WGS 84 Such a relationship is known as the datum...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... postprocessing software training is required The user also saves the time spent in data processing There are, however, some advantages in the postprocessing mode as well The first of these is that more ... that the measurements are collected in the field and processed at a later time to obtain the results Each of these modes has some advantages and some disadvantages The first advantage of the real-time ... provided that the processing software has the forward and backward processing functions Once the data is collected and downloaded, PC software is used to process it Some software packages have the forward...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... parameters [4] The size of such a confidence region depends on the size of the uncertainty parameters of the ambiguities as well as the used probability level The larger the uncertainty values and/ or ... moves between the points to be surveyed, as discussed before in the kinematic method After finishing the fieldwork, the data is downloaded into the PC processing software, which will first use the ... method is capable of determining the correct integer values of the ambiguity parameters, it is time-consuming As such, the use of this method is currently limited to long baselines in the static...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... including OMNISTAR and RACAL LandStar [7, 8] Both of these systems use satellite data link and cover various regions of the world (see Figure 7.3) The OMNISTAR service operates in the C-band of the frequency ... reduce the cost of the WADGPS service, some service providers have developed an alternative way of broadcasting the real-time DGPS corrections of their WADGPS system [6] The system is based on using ... frequency spectrum, while the LandStar service operates in the L-band To access either service, a subscriber needs the system data receiver to receive and decode the DGPS corrections The data...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... for GPS files), the number and list of satellites, the various types of measurements in the same sequence as given in the header, and the signal strength Other information, such as the loss of lock ... broadcasts of DGPS corrections However, it has become the industry standard format for transmitting real-time DGPS corrections The RTCM SC-104 standards consist of 64 message types [4] These messages ... such as the Gregorian date and time of day of the first epoch of the orbit, and the number of epochs in the ephemeris file Line starts with the symbols (##) and shows the GPS week number, the seconds...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... of sources such as existing maps, satellite imagery, and GPS Once the information is collected, a GIS stores it as a collection of layers in the GIS database (see Figure 9.1) The GIS can then ... clockwise and counterclockwise rotations [4] It can be seen that each of the GPS and DR systems suffers from limitations While the GPS signal may not be available in obstructed areas, the DR system ... performance of the inertial system Integrating GPS and INS overcomes the limitations of both systems [7] In fact, GPS and INS complement each other While GPS provides the initialization and the calibration...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... antennas Besides offering accurate positioning and attitude of the vessel, this integrated system estimates the heading of the vessel at high accuracy regardless of the vessel s dynamics and latitude ... vehicle s location In obstructed areas, such as urban canyons and tunnels, GPS is supplemented by a terrestrial system such as the DR system to overcome the GPS signal blockage As discussed in Section ... subsidence of oil fields and mining areas are other examples where GPS has been used successfully In some cases, GPS may be supplemented by other systems such as INS or total stations to work...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... express the position of their satellites GPS uses the WGS 84 system, while GLONASS uses the Earth Parameter System 1990 (PZ-90) system The two systems differ by as much as 20m on the Earth s surface ... GLONASS codes are the same for all the satellites As such, GLONASS receivers use the frequency channel rather than the code to distinguish the satellites The chipping rates for the P-code and the ... that both systems use different reference times The offset between the two time systems changes slowly and reaches several tens of microseconds One way of determining the time offset is by treating...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... level of the 2drms varies from 95.4% to 98.2% depending on the relative values of the errors in the easting and northing components The ratio of the 2drms to the CEP varies from 2.4 to This means ... Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering at the University of New Brunswick He also worked in the same department as a postdoctoral fellow and as an assistant professor Dr El-Rabbany has more than 17 years ... accuracy of 40m (CEP) is equivalent to 100m (2drms) for a ratio of 2.5 The spherical error probable (SEP) is used to express the accuracy of the 3-D case SEP means that there is a 50% chance that the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... teams of lawyers, bank examiners, computer specialists, and others on standby, ready to roll into the companies’ offices and secure their premises, trading floors, books and records, and so forth ... speech He said he was very supportive of the proposed actions Because of the capital deficiency, the safety and soundness of Fannie Mae was at risk, and that in turn imperiled the stability of the ... relationships and contacts with the most senior Chinese leaders These would help us enormously when I was at Treasury, especially during the financial crisis Because of the highprofile nature of the...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2014, 23:21

... misunderstood area Chapters and address the various modes of GPS positioning and the issue of the ambiguity resolution of the carrier-phase measurements The various GPS services available on the ... examines the GPS signal structure, the GPS modernization, and the key types of the GPS measurements An in-depth discussion of the errors and biases that affect the GPS measurements, along with suggestions ... Once the receiver acquires the GPS signal, it will process it using its built-in software The partial outcome of the signal processing consists of the distances to the GPS satellites through the...

Ngày tải lên: 03/01/2016, 18:55

... regimes in international monetary systems and discusses their features A brief review of the history of international monetary systems is also provided in the chapter, since the past lessons from the ... markets will persist to serve business, nonbusiness, and sometimes, political needs of business firms, governments, individuals, and international organizations and institutions An exchange rate is ... data tests on the convergence to PPP using cross country data Regression Tests of PPP In the mid 197 0s, the conventional tests of PPP involved the use of regression analysis, that is, to test the...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 04:20

... that IFC s listing of an issuing bank sent a strong signal on the creditworthiness of the bank Issuing banks surveyed by IEG also expressed positive views on the reasonableness, timeliness, and flexibility ... provider Some of the larger confirming banks appreciated IFC s responsiveness and flexibility in appraising and adding issuing banks at their request Issuing banks in the case study countries also expressed ... of the definition of SMEs, there is some question as to whether the indicator in itself is informative of the program s effectiveness Under the GTFP, IFC does not take the payment risk of the...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:08

... that IFC s listing of an issuing bank sent a strong signal on the creditworthiness of the bank Issuing banks surveyed by IEG also expressed positive views on the reasonableness, timeliness, and flexibility ... provider Some of the larger confirming banks appreciated IFC s responsiveness and flexibility in appraising and adding issuing banks at their request Issuing banks in the case study countries also expressed ... of the definition of SMEs, there is some question as to whether the indicator in itself is informative of the program s effectiveness Under the GTFP, IFC does not take the payment risk of the...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:13