redundancy and degeneracy of bacterial systems

... Soft-NC is the scheduling that satisfies the execution of the software modules in real time Recently, NC systems have advanced from being closed systems to being open and distributed systems and ... invented the method of automatic control of the weaving of fabrics with a loom machine by using punch cards and this method was the beginning of the concept of NC The concept of NC was actually ... passing one slit of the rotation disk and one of the slits A, B, or Z on a fixed slit panel Slits A and B are arranged for a phase difference of 90 degrees and the electric signal of the output is...

Ngày tải lên: 08/09/2013, 20:50

... small handheld computers Development - software authoring 2.1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages A partial list of advantages and disadvantages is given below The cost, stability and open nature of the ... typed commands New users often prefer to use the system using the GUI Advanced users often prefer to use commands to administer the system, they are often faster and more reliable Commands can ... directories called ’.profile’ or ’.login’ These are used when a user logs Some of the standard Linux commands for files and directories are listed below Most of the file and directory names can...

Ngày tải lên: 22/12/2013, 20:17

... process of MUX where bwtransmitting is the consumed bandwidth of transmitting packets, bwpassing is the consumed bandwidth of passing packets, bwecho is the consumed bandwidth of echo packets, and ... Gajski, D and Vahid, F., Specification and design of embedded hardware-software systems, IEEE Design & Test of Computers, pp 53-67, Spring 1995 [14] DeBardelaben, J and Madisetti, V., Hardware/software ... pushed until all software pieces come together In systems in which most hardware is simply commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) parts, the time and cost of software prototyping and design can dominate...

Ngày tải lên: 25/12/2013, 06:16

... application of MATLAB to the analysis and design of control systems Presentations are limited to linear, time-invariant continuous time systems Chapters and include a great number of worked examples and ... many systems of engineering, sciences, and in human body Some type of control systems affects most aspects of our day-to-day activities This chapter presents a brief introduction and overview of ... types of control systems: (a) Man-made control systems (b) Natural, including biological-control systems (c) Control systems whose components are both man-made and natural ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF...

Ngày tải lên: 01/01/2014, 18:43

... small handheld computers Development - software authoring 2.1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages A partial list of advantages and disadvantages is given below The cost, stability and open nature of the ... typed commands New users often prefer to use the system using the GUI Advanced users often prefer to use commands to administer the system, they are often faster and more reliable Commands can ... directories called ’.profile’ or ’.login’ These are used when a user logs Some of the standard Linux commands for files and directories are listed below Most of the file and directory names can...

Ngày tải lên: 25/01/2014, 05:20

... small handheld computers Development - software authoring 2.1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages A partial list of advantages and disadvantages is given below The cost, stability and open nature of the ... typed commands New users often prefer to use the system using the GUI Advanced users often prefer to use commands to administer the system, they are often faster and more reliable Commands can ... directories called ’.profile’ or ’.login’ These are used when a user logs Some of the standard Linux commands for files and directories are listed below Most of the file and directory names can...

Ngày tải lên: 25/01/2014, 12:20

... turns out, Na and Ns are functions of the standard deviations, σu and σy , of u and y, respectively, that is, ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ Na = Na (σu ) and Ns = Ns (σy ) Therefore, we refer to the system of Figure 0.2 ... Proofs 225 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Proofs for Chapter Proofs for Chapter Proofs for Chapter Proofs for Chapter Proofs for Chapter Proofs ... LPNI Systems 114 Design of Reference Tracking Controllers for LPNI Systems 134 Design of Disturbance Rejection Controllers for LPNI Systems 167 Performance Recovery in LPNI Systems 204 Proofs...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 15:20

... studied by Ricker and May [48] g Random processes, including the Law of Large Numbers and ergodic and other limit theorems [82] These and many other useful and interesting aspects of chaos are described ... matches one of the free frequencies of the problem, that is, one of the eigenvalues of A Subresonant forcing occurs when one of the frequencies of g matches an integer multiple of one of the free ... understand the motion of a pendulum Many of the methods used in the theory of nonlinear oscillations grew out of studies of such pendulum problems; they are applicable now to a wide variety of new...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 15:09

... studied by Ricker and May [48] g Random processes, including the Law of Large Numbers and ergodic and other limit theorems [82] These and many other useful and interesting aspects of chaos are described ... matches one of the free frequencies of the problem, that is, one of the eigenvalues of A Subresonant forcing occurs when one of the frequencies of g matches an integer multiple of one of the free ... understand the motion of a pendulum Many of the methods used in the theory of nonlinear oscillations grew out of studies of such pendulum problems; they are applicable now to a wide variety of new...

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 16:50

... multiprocessor system within a range of hundreds of thousands to a few millions of cycles/s, even in the case of model refinements The last two rows of Table are on the accuracy of system-level simulation ... Figure 1(b)) are composed of components which should be instantiated and connected using some form of object creation and initialization mechanism An overview of the Sesame software framework is given ... consumption of the system, and the cost of the architecture This section aims at giving an overview of the formulation of the mapping problem which allows us to quickly search for promising candidate...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 19:20

... Soft-NC is the scheduling that satisfies the execution of the software modules in real time Recently, NC systems have advanced from being closed systems to being open and distributed systems and ... invented the method of automatic control of the weaving of fabrics with a loom machine by using punch cards and this method was the beginning of the concept of NC The concept of NC was actually ... passing one slit of the rotation disk and one of the slits A, B, or Z on a fixed slit panel Slits A and B are arranged for a phase difference of 90 degrees and the electric signal of the output is...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 06:20

... analysis of thermal systems is often complicated because of the complex nature of fluid flow and of heat and mass transfer mechanisms that govern these systems As a result, typical thermal systems ... may differ in intensity and sequence 1.3 THERMAL SYSTEMS Let us now turn our attention to thermal systems and consider the nature of these systems and the various types of systems that are commonly ... modeling of systems is a particularly important aspect of design, though it is often neglected Modeling is presented with a wide range of physical examples and a discussion of the types of approximations...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 17:20

... analysis of thermal systems is often complicated because of the complex nature of fluid flow and of heat and mass transfer mechanisms that govern these systems As a result, typical thermal systems ... may differ in intensity and sequence 1.3 THERMAL SYSTEMS Let us now turn our attention to thermal systems and consider the nature of these systems and the various types of systems that are commonly ... modeling of systems is a particularly important aspect of design, though it is often neglected Modeling is presented with a wide range of physical examples and a discussion of the types of approximations...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 17:20

... action of the antibacterial agents to be discussed in this section are summarized in Table 127-1 and are depicted in Fig 127-1 Table 127-1 Mechanisms of Action of and Resistance to Major Classes of ... representatives for the class Figure 127-1 Mechanisms of action of and resistance to antibacterial agents Black lines trace the routes of drug interaction wit h bacterial cells, from entry to target site ... reactive of intermediates that damage DNA by electron transfer system M Quinolones (ciprofloxacin) DN Inhibit A synthesis DNA gyrase (A Insensitivity of subunit) and target topoisomerase (mutation of...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... any stage of the synthesis, export, assembly, or cross-linking of peptidoglycan lead to inhibition of bacterial cell growth and, in most cases, to cell death Peptidoglycan is composed of (1) a ... course of cell growth In the presence of antibacterial agents that inhibit cell-wall growth, autolysis proceeds without normal cell-wall repair; weakness and eventual cellular lysis occur Antibacterial ... of (1) a backbone of two alternating sugars, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid; (2) a chain of four amino acids that extends down from the backbone (stem peptides); and (3) a peptide...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... thymidine, all purines, and several amino acids Inhibition of folate synthesis leads to cessation of bacterial cell growth and, in some cases, to bacterial cell death The principal antibacterial antimetabolites ... tRNA synthetase by competing with bacterial isoleucine for its binding site on the enzyme and depleting cellular stores of isoleucine-charged tRNA Inhibition of Bacterial Metabolism The antimetabolites ... blocks the initiation of protein synthesis Tetracyclines and Glycylcyclines Tetracyclines (tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline) and glycylcyclines (tigecycline) consist of four aromatic rings...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... including nalidixic acid and its fluorinated derivatives (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin), are synthetic compounds that inhibit the activity of the A subunit of the bacterial enzyme DNA ... the action of antimicrobial agents are inactivation of the compound, alteration or overproduction of the antibacterial target through mutation of the target protein's gene, acquisition of a new ... DNA gyrase and topoisomerases are responsible for negative supercoiling of DNA—an essential conformation for DNA replication in the intact cell Inhibition of the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... Trimethoprim and Sulfonamides The most prevalent mechanism of resistance to trimethoprim and the sulfonamides in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is the acquisition of plasmid-encoded ... efflux of macrolides, and staphylococci can cause the efflux of macrolides, clindamycin, and streptogramin A Ketolides such as telithromycin retain activity against most isolates of Streptococcus ... dihydrofolate reductase for trimethoprim and an altered dihydropteroate synthetase for sulfonamides Quinolones The most common mechanism of resistance to quinolones is the development of one...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... virtue of the acquisition of new genes include hospital-associated strains of gram-negative bacteria, enterococci, and staphylococci and community-acquired strains of salmonellae, gonococci, and ... pharmacokinetic profile of an antibacterial agent refers to concentrations in serum and tissue versus time and reflects the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion Important ... porins and efflux proteins of gram-negative bacteria These mutations decrease bacterial intracellular and periplasmic accumulation of βlactams, quinolones, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and aminoglycosides...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... elimination), by renal excretion of the unchanged or metabolized form, or by a combination of the two processes For most of the antibacterial drugs, metabolism leads to loss of in vitro activity, although ... rifampin, and clarithromycin, have bioactive metabolites that may contribute to their overall efficacy The most practical application of information on the mode of excretion of an antibacterial ... metronidazole, chloramphenicol, rifampin, TMP-SMX, and quinolones penetrate cells well Metabolism and Elimination Like other drugs, antibacterial agents are disposed of by hepatic elimination (metabolism...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20