reactive asynchronous and parallel programming

... June 12, 2001 9:49 AM 312 CHAPTER 11: PROGRAMMING SERIAL AND PARALLEL PORTS Example 11-1 PortChooser.java (continued) // Process the list, putting serial and parallel into ComboBoxes while (pList.hasMoreElements()) ... interface and interaction The oldest is “simple parallel port,” which the API calls MODE_ SPP This is an output-only parallel port Other common modes include EPP (extended parallel port, MODE_ECP) and ... 10.7 and 10.8 for this), since you know what the response to your command should be and don’t proceed until you have received that response A well-known example is using a standard Hayes-command-set...

Ngày tải lên: 27/10/2013, 14:15

... www.it-ebooks.info Parallel and Concurrent Programming in Haskell Simon Marlow www.it-ebooks.info Parallel and Concurrent Programming in Haskell by Simon Marlow Copyright ... for release details Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc Parallel and Concurrent Programming in Haskell, the image ... Terminology: Parallelism and Concurrency Tools and Resources Sample Code Part I Parallel Haskell Basic Parallelism: The Eval Monad Lazy Evaluation and Weak...

Ngày tải lên: 05/05/2014, 15:46

... presents parallel programming models, performance models, and parallel programming environments for message passing and shared memory models, including MPI, Pthreads, Java threads, and OpenMP ... these parallel programming environments, the book gives basic concepts as well as more advanced programming methods and enables the reader to write and run semantically correct and efficient parallel ... OpenMP and Java threads The content of the book consists of three main parts, covering all areas of parallel computing: the architecture of parallel systems, parallel programming models and environments,...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:20

... aspects of parallel computer architectures that play a role in parallel programming and the development of efficient parallel programs Chapter considers popular parallel programming models and paradigms ... of a parallel program and a large variety of parallel cost models based on parallel programming models have been proposed and used These models are meant to bridge the gap between specific parallel ... 2, 3, and should be covered In particular, Chapter provides an overview of the relevant programming environments and techniques For a general course on parallel programming, Chaps 2, 5, and can...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:20

... are usually based on standard computers and even standard network topologies The entire cluster is addressed and programmed as a single unit The popularity of clusters as parallel machines comes ... message-passing programming model which is based on communication between cooperating sequential processes and which will be considered in more detail in 14 Parallel Computer Architecture Chaps and To ... of standard high-speed interconnections like FCS (Fiber Channel Standard), SCI (Scalable Coherent Interface), Switched Gigabit Ethernet, Myrinet, or InfiniBand, see [140, 84, 137] A natural programming...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:20

... two or more cores Since 2007, Intel and AMD provide quad-core processors (like the Quad-Core AMD Opteron and the Quad-Core Intel Xeon), and 2.4 Thread-Level Parallelism Shared Local Cache Cache ... processors Examples of processors that support SMT are the IBM Power5 and Power6 processors (two logical processors) and the Sun T1 and T2 processors (four/eight logical processors), see, e.g., [84] ... increase per year have been an increase in clock speed and the internal use of parallel processing like pipelined execution of instructions and the use of multiple functional units But these traditional...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:20

... on the binary representations of v and w, which are denoted by A and B, respectively, in the following We assume that A and B differ in l positions, ≤ l ≤ k, and that these are the first l positions ... network degree is g(G) = because of the inner nodes, and the bisection bandwidth is B(G) = A linear array network can be embedded in nearly all standard networks except a tree network, see below ... the connectivity is nc(G) = ec(G) = 2, and the bisection bandwidth is also B(G) = In practice, ring networks can be used for small number of processors and as part of more complex networks A...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:20

... and output devices can be represented as specialized nodes with edges going into 42 Parallel Computer Architecture the actual switching network graph The construction of the switching graph and ... the stage number and α ∈ {0, 1}k is the position of the node in the stage The connection between neighboring stages i and i + for ≤ i < k is defined as follows: Two nodes (α, i) and (α , i + 1) ... defined as follows: Two nodes (α, i) and (α , i + 1) are connected if and only if α and α are identical (straight edge) or α and α differ in precisely the (i + 1)th bit from the left (cross edge)...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:20

... ∈ E | αi = and βi = 1} and E = {i ∈ E | αi = and βi = 0} Message transmission from A to B is split into two phases accordingly: First, the message is sent into the dimensions in E and then into ... + Tdelay + m/B + Orecv , (2.1) where Osend and Orecv are the sender and receiver overheads, respectively, Tdelay is the time of flight, and B is the bandwidth of the network link This expression ... representation β = β0 βn−1 , the bit positions in which α and β differ are considered The number of these bit positions is the Hamming distance between A and B which determines the minimum length of a routing...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:20

... Caches and Memory Hierarchy 65 which are currently used most Today, two or three levels of cache are used for each processor, using a small and fast L1 cache and larger, but slower L2 and L3 ... networks of parallel computers, since these must be able to transmit a large number of messages fast and reliably A loss of messages cannot be tolerated, since this would lead to errors in the parallel ... of the network The link connects two switches A and B We assume that a packet should be transmitted from A to B If the link between A and B is 64 Parallel Computer Architecture free, the packet...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:20

... blocks of the set For v = m and k = 1, a set associative cache reduces to a direct mapped cache For v = and k = m, a fully associative cache results Typical cases are v = m/4 and k = 4, leading to ... to and the USE bit of the other block in the set is set to This is performed for each memory access Thus, 2.7 Caches and Memory Hierarchy 73 the block whose USE bit is has been accessed last, and ... costly [84], and approximations or other schemes are used Often, the block to be replaced is selected randomly, since this can be implemented easily Moreover, simulations have shown that random replacement...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:20

... different models, and there is no standardization as yet 2.8 Exercises for Chap Exercise 2.1 Consider a two-dimensional mesh network with n rows and m columns What is the bisection bandwidth of this ... (V1 , E ) and G = (V2 , E ) can be defined as follows: V3 = V1 × V2 and E = {((u , u ), (v1 , v2 )) | ((u = v1 ) and (u , v2 ) ∈ E ) or can be used as abbreviation with the ((u = v2 ) and (u , ... processors coherent We assume that the variables x1 and x2 have been initialized to and that they are both stored in the local caches of P2 and P3 The cache blocks are marked as shared (S) The...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:20

... hardware and software installation is taken into account But in contrast to sequential programming there are many more details and diversities in parallel programming and a machine-dependent programming ... abstraction and describes a parallel computing system in terms of the semantics of the programming language or programming environment A parallel programming model specifies the programmer’s view on parallel ... combination Parallel programming models provide methods to support the parallel programming The goal of a programming model is to provide a mechanism with which the programmer can specify parallel...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:20

... store those array operands of the right-hand side that might cause 104 Parallel Programming Models conflicts and using these temporary variables on the right-hand side On the lefthand side, the original ... of Parallelism Parallel programming models can also be distinguished depending on whether the available parallelism, including the partitioning into tasks and specification of communication and ... is called task parallelism or functional parallelism To use task parallelism, the tasks and their dependencies can be represented as a task graph where the nodes are the tasks and the edges represent...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:20

... designing a parallel program since processors access different parts of the data and conflicts such as race conditions or critical regions are avoided This simplifies the parallel programming and supports ... array elements 114 Parallel Programming Models j, j + p, , j + p · ( n/ p − 1) for j ≤ n mod p and j, j + p, , j + p · ( n/ p − 2) for n mod p < j ≤ p For the example n = 14 and p = the cyclic ... + 1) When n and n are multiples of p1 and p2 , respectively, the processor at position (i, j) owns all array elements (k, l) with k = i +s · p1 and l = j +t · p2 for ≤ s < n / p1 and ≤ t < n...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:20

... are no dependencies and the loops over i and j can be exchanged For a parallel implementation, the row- and column-oriented representations of matrix A give rise to different parallel implementation ... notation for a parallel program of the matrix–vector product with row-oriented blockwise distribution of the matrix A and a final redistribution of the result vector c 128 Parallel Programming Models ... distribution before and after the communication is illustrated in Fig 3.13(2a) A parallel program in the SPMD style is given in Fig 3.12 The local arrays local b and local A store blocks of b and blocks...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:20

... thread The nodes of the diagram show the possible states of a thread and the arrows show possible transitions between them Parallel Programming Models finished new end start interrupt executable running ... multiple threads execute a parallel program in parallel, their execution has to be coordinated to avoid race conditions Synchronization mechanisms are provided 3.7 Processes and Threads 137 to enable ... threads T1 and T2 access a shared integer variable s which is protected by a lock variable l [112]: Thread T1 lock(l); s = 1; if (s!=1) fire missile(); unlock(l); Thread T2 s = 2; 138 Parallel Programming...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:21

... the architecture of the execution platform, the compiler and operating system used, the parallel programming environment and the parallel programming model on which the environment is based, as ... a parallel execution 3.9 Exercises for Chap 147 The use of transactions for parallel programming is an active area of research and the techniques developed are currently not available in standard ... supports the parallel execution of programs by parallel loops and by the parallel evaluation of function arguments with multiple threads Many constructs provided are implicitly parallel, meaning...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:21

... from numerical analysis and a linear programming algorithm (soplex) The SPEC integer and floating-point programs are used to compute two performance measures SPECint2006 and SPECfp2006, respectively, ... 100 cycles We consider a program A for which the (read and write) miss rate is 2% and in which 33% of the instructions executed are load and store operations, i.e., it is n rw op ( A) = n instr ... (L1) cache must be kept small and simple and an additional second-level (L2) cache is used, which is large enough such that most memory accesses go to the L2 cache and not to main memory For performance...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:21

... the parallel program is perfectly parallelizable, then τv (n, 1) = T ∗ (1) − τ f and τv (n, p) = (T ∗ (n) − τ f )/ p follow and thus τ f + T ∗ (n) − τ f = S p (n) = τ f + (T ∗ (n) − τ f )/ p and ... symmetric mesh, and the hypercube, as defined in Sect 2.5.2 The parallel execution of global communication operations depends on the number of processors and the message size The parallel execution ... f, ≤ f ≤ 1, of a parallel program must be executed sequentially, the parallel execution time of the program is composed of a fraction of the sequential execution time f · T (n) and the execution...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:21