qualitative interpretive methods in policy research

... by biological and chemical research carried out in the Agency's laboratories in Lyon and, through collaborative research agreements, in national research institutions in many countries The Agency ... provide the only definitive information as t o the degree of risk i n man Since malignant diseases are clearly of multifactorial origin, their investigation in m a n has become increasingly complex, ... home institution, an investigator may well find himself out in the field wanting to conduct preliminary analyses of his data using just a pocket calculator; hence we have attempted to distinguish...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 17:20

... incidence However, changes in the incidence of clinical AIDS are largely determined by the trends in the incidence of earlier events, namely the original HIV infections The timing of an HIV infection ... concepts behind them Even the more advanced methods described in this edition are being extensively used in medical research and they find their way into the reports subsequently published in the ... of the original observations are negative, since a negative number has no logarithm Nor can it be used if any of the original readings are zero, since log ˆ minus infinity 2.5 Taking logs 35...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... allow 5% in one direction and zero in the other, the latter being achieved by an infinitely long interval in that direction It is customary to use symmetric intervals unless otherwise stated In the ... intervals will include m, whilst in  5% x will be more than 1Á96 standard errors away from m (as in the fourth sample in Fig 4.6) and the interval will not include m Example 4.1, continued In ... value in modelling certain symmetric frequency distributions or as an approximation to the binomial and Poisson distributions We shall note in §4.2 a central role in describing the sampling distribution...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... variances, s2 =n and s2 In this sense, precision has been gained by combining the information from the data and the prior information These results illustrate various points made in §6.1 First, the ... instance, the remaining part of the distribution may be assumed to be normal over an infinite range, or it may be distributed in some other way, perhaps over a finite range We shall not examine ... numbers falling within the range of x used in Fig 7.4, we find x 80 100 140 Y 98Á73 81Á44 46Á87 The regression line is now drawn through the three points with these coordinates and is shown in Fig...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... factor, A could be tested against AD, AB against ABD The justification for this follows by interpreting the interaction terms involving D in the model like (9.7) as independent observations on ... handle ties provides an interesting link with some tests for contingency tables described elsewhere in this book In Example 15.1, for instance, illustrating the test for a trend in proportions, we ... within families The between-families DF are split (again as in a one-way analysis) into …ˆ À 1† for degrees of crowding and 15 …ˆ  5† for residual variation within crowding categories The within-families...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... factor in the presence of all others except interactions involving that factor; in Types III and IV, any interactions defined in the model are retained even for the testing of main effects In the ... but inclusion of this point reduces the slope of the fitted line to two-thirds of its value; the additional point is influential in determining the regression In Fig 11.10(d), the additional point ... again influential in changing the regression but also appears to be an outlier with respect to the regression through the other nine points Finally, in Fig 11.10(e), the extra point is within...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... definition There is considerable merit in viewing the process as estimating random effects rather than as an exercise in extending the definition of a residual in non-hierarchical models Indeed, ... 12.6 Longitudinal data In many medical studies there is interest not only in observing a variable at a given instant but in seeing how it changes over time This could be because the investigator ... h post-administration In many studies in the medical literature the reasons behind the timing of observations are seldom discussed, and it may be that this aspect of research involving the collection...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... classification into categories, according to the types of variable described in §2.3 Nominal variables, in which no ordering is implied Ordinal variables, in which the categories assume a natural ordering ... model including all the main effects is 13Á59 with 11 DF, and this represents the 11 interactions not included in the model Taking the deviance as a x2 , there is no evidence that the interactions ... of individuals and a model containing all main effects and all interactions would fit the data perfectly Thus by definition it would have a deviance of zero and serves as the reference point in...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... termination Sequential analysis provides methods for analysing data in which the decision whether to terminate at any point depends on the data obtained It was originally developed in pioneering ... term blinding is often used, but is perhaps less appropriate, if only because of the ambiguity caused in trials for conditions involving visual defects.) In a single-masked (or single-blind) trial, ... assessing the effect of adding a covariate, detecting non-linearity or influential points in Cox's proportional-hazards model Aitkin and Clayton (1980) give an example of residual plotting to...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... the incidences in the groups being compared and is referred to as relative risk (f) Thus, f ˆ IE =INE , …19:13† 672 Statistical methods in epidemiology where IE and INE are the incidence rates in ... and, as in §19.5, IE and INE are the incidences in the exposed and non-exposed, respectively Then the excess incidence attributable to the factor is IP À INE and dividing by the population incidence ... the incidence, denoted by I, is defined as 660 Statistical methods in epidemiology Iˆ number of new cases in period of time : population at risk The period of time is specified in the units in...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... Epidemiology in Medicine Little, Brown, Boston Hill A.B (1962) Statistical Methods in Clinical and Preventive Medicine Livingstone, Edinburgh Hill A.B and Hill I.D (1991) Bradford Hill's Principles ... Kalton G (1979) Survey Methods in Social Investigation, 2nd edn Gower, Aldershot MPS Research Unit (2000) Pest 4: Operating Manual University of Reading, Reading MRC Vitamin Study Research Group (1991) ... computing machine J Chem Phys 21, 1087±1091 Miettinen O and Nurminen M (1985) Comparative analysis of two rates Stat Med 4, 213±226 Miettinen O.S (1969) Individual matching with multiple controls in...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... determination - was an important “engine” for the data produced While this personal input was sometimes slow in coming in both seminars and in the context of supervision, when involved in their ... differed was in the approach to research and research methods Rather than traditional quantitative methods, MELM students were expected to use interactive, qualitative methods to conduct their research ... them Finally, the qualitative methods and the necessary interaction moved both researcher and researched into being personal, exploratory and reflective, thus the emergence of the “I” in the...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2015, 10:21

... specialized marketing research methods This chapter discusses two families of specialized marketing research methods, perceptual mapping and conjoint analysis Perceptual mapping methods produce ... the analysis 26 Marketing Research: Uncovering Competitive Advantages Warren F Kuhfeld Abstract SAS provides a variety of methods for analyzing marketing data including conjoint analysis, correspondence ... refueling or breaking down, the better MR-2010A — Marketing Research: Uncovering Competitive Advantages 33 Figure Preference Mapping, Ideal Point Model The PREFMAP Ideal Point Model The ideal point...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 07:20

... behaviour The interviewing skills acquired in clinical and counseling training are also helpful in doing research, but research and therapeutic interviews have crucial differences; therefore researchers ... at sociopolitical issues, since clinical and counseling research is often conducted in working service settings and it is potentially threatening as well as illuminating For simplicity, the book ... certain interventions used in therapeutic settings Being trained in clinical or counseling psychology also makes one aware of the tension between the scientific and the therapeutic stance: in the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 05:20

... quantitative methods used in public administration research whether in government administration of public programs or in academic research involving theorybuilding and theory-testing Second, ... dignity During the process of research, the researcher is expected to be objective and unbiased in conducting research The methods of research provide the blueprint for insuring objectivity Researchers ... dealing with those methods, both for consuming studies that they use in their jobs as well in carrying out research projects The chapters are grouped in nine main areas: The Big Picture Describing...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 05:20

... survey of research methods used in public administration research, whether in government administration of public programs or in academic research aimed toward theory building and theory testing Second, ... doing things Miller/Handbook of Research Methods in Public Administration AU5384_C002 Final Proof page 20 20 19.9.2007 4:33pm Compositor Name: BMani Handbook of Research Methods in Public Administration ... of Research Methods in Public Administration AU5384_C000 Final Proof page i 4.10.2007 5:16pm Compositor Name: BMani Handbook of Research Methods in Public Administration Miller/Handbook of Research...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 05:20

... (1)  We hypothesized that wearing pink sportswear would increase the level of aggression in males because wearing pink primed male athletes to a mental state in which they desired to reassert ... i-ngu-giup-dua-ra-quyet-dinh-ly-tri-hon/ Keysar, Hayakawa, &An (2012) The Foreign-Language Effect: Thinking in a Foreign Tongue Reduces Decision Biases Psychological Science Tiêu chí đánh giá slides Độ tin cậy ... 1-20 tuổi 21-40 tuổi 41-60 tuổi 61-80 tuổi -2 -1 (Nominal) Thứ tự (Ordinal) Khoảng (Interval) Tỉ số (Ratio) Các dạng thang đo Thang hình minh hoạ Thang Likert Thang đối cực Thang nhiệt kế cảm...

Ngày tải lên: 22/05/2014, 22:52

... is the fluctuating number of increments in time intervals of identical length With increasing sampling intervals there increase both the average and the variance of the number of increments Randomness ... importance in nanoengineering To so, one needs principles and rules born out from the fundamental knowledge, which cannot be obtained without finding answers to the longstanding questions in the ... out This is left for future papers Conclusion In conclusion, we pinpoint in this letter several properties resulting from introducing phase-locking in Pegg-Barnett quantum phase formalism We recall...

Ngày tải lên: 04/06/2014, 15:13

... execution of the research is interdisciplinary, i.e that each discipline is of equal importance to the project Further reading Bowling, A (1997) Research Methods in Health: Investigating Health and ... other industrialized countries Beginning with contextual information about the country, HiTs 26 Introduction describe the entities involved in financing, paying for and delivering care, drawing ... reasons qualitative as well as quantitative research methods have to be used in biological and social sciences, including health research Qualitative methods, such as the collection of narratives, interviews,...

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 14:02

... learning environment was consistent with recent findings in Benin, Kenya, and Ghana [8,11], offering policy options beyond monetary incentives In a study of health worker motivation in Benin and ... strenuous complaints about lacking necessary equipment, or coping with broken equipment If we include complaints about over-crowding, GA doctors complained more about infrastructure failings in general ... findings There is no large-scale experimental evidence of using post-graduate training as an incentive for rural service, but the Health Ministry of India launched such an incentive program in...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 17:20