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... decades, fiber gratings including fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) and long-period gratings (LPGs) have been manufactured mainly by modifying the core refractive index using interferometric or pointby-point ... especially in electrical and electronic devices There are two kinds micro-machining in use i) bulk micromachining, ii) surface micro-maching In the case of bulk micromaching, the structures can be made ... Future advances In the future, micromachining is destined to improve upon its shortcomings, as the various micromachining processes become accurate, reliable, versatile and cost-effective In India,...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 01:20

... Example: Using two strings of tubing of same size: Dh = casing-7. 0in. -29lb/ft ID = 6.18 4in TI = tubing No 1-2-3/ 8in OD = 2.37 5in T2 = tubing No 2-2-3/ 8in OD = 2.37 5in Annular capacity, bbVft = 6.1842 ... between casing and multiple strings of tubing, ft3/linft: Annular capacity, ft3/linft = Dh2 - [VJ2+ (T2I2] 183.35 Example: Using three strings of tubing: Dh = casing-9-98 i n lb/ft TI = tubing No ... + (T212] Example: Using three strings tubing of same size: Dh = casing-9-5/8 i n l b l f t ID TI = tubing No 1-3-1/ 2in OD TI = tubing No 2-3-1/ 2in OD T, = tubing No 3-3-1/ 2in OD - Annular capacity...

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 16:04

... review, in addition to communication with leading private industrial research and development laboratories in the state of Iowa (including Winnebago Co in Forest City; Delavan Inc in Des Moines; ... manually inspecting machined surfaces at fixed intervals A surface profilometer containing a contact stylus is used in the manual inspection procedure This procedure is both time-consuming and labor-intensive ... cutting industries to reduce manufacturing costs by eliminating the relatively inefficient off-line quality control aspect of surface roughness inspection Therefore, reductions in manufacturing...

Ngày tải lên: 23/01/2014, 01:20

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 12:20

... Published in the United States by Copernicus Books, an imprint of Springer Science+Business Media Copernicus Books Springer Science+Business Media 233 Spring Street New York, NY 10013 www.springer.com ... in 2009, “are the major engines of increasing productivity and are indispensable to ensuring economic growth, job creation, and rising incomes for American families in the technologically driven ... rationale for drilling in these inhospitable environments must take into account the amount of oil (or energy in some form) that is needed to build and maintain an offshore drilling rig such as...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 18:20

... responsible for inducing chip flow in a direction normal to the lips in accordance with Stabler’s Law The increasing chip flow obliquity can be seen in Fig 45a, by observing the flow lines emanating from ... drills’ into their mating machine tool spindles) founded the Morse Twist Drill and Machine Company in the ‘North’ Morse then proceeded to develop probably the most important cutting tool advance ... 3.1 Drilling Technology 3.1.1 Introduction to the Twist Drill’s Development Drilling operations are perhaps the most popular machining process being undertaken today, with their origins being traced...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 21:20

... by the single insert variety The multi-insert counter-boring heads, can have their inserts finely diametricallyadjusted by means of precision wedge and radial adjusting screws A trepanning operation ... diameter22, which in reality, amounts to a ‘fine-boring’ operation, giv- NB  Double-sided cutting inserts are available, but are mainly used for milling operations One major advantage that indexable ... is undertaken in one operation, but instead of machining the complete hole, only part of the hole is cut, leaving a core (Fig 55b) For large workpiece dimension machining, a trepanning operation...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 21:20

... Later boring bar versions, utilised indexable cutting inserts, or replaceable heads (Fig 61) Boring bars having replaceable heads are versatile, with the same bar allowing different cutting head designs ... replaceable head in- situ, enabling the cutting head to be speedily replaced Some of these boring bar’s have a dovetail slide mechanical interface, with the dovetail coupling providing radial adjustment ... of an appropriate boring tool cutting insert geometry 3.2.1 Single-Point Boring Tooling ‘Traditional’ boring bars were manufactured as solid one-piece tools, where the cutting edge was ground...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 21:20

... stability, alleviating many of the potential problematic in- service machining conditions 3.2.3 Multiple-Boring Tools Twin cutting insert tooling, usually consists of a cylindrical shank with ... increasing under standardised machining conditions, the amplitude will also increase However, if the boring bar was dampened in some way, perhaps by utilising a ‘shock-absorber effect’ , machining ... workpiece and insert, resulting in lower tangential and radial cutting forces For fine-boring applications, a good start point is to choose an insert with a 0.4 mm nose radius, with a 0.5 mm DOC...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 21:20

... Floating Reaming 139 • Cylinder head tappet rail drill-reaming – in a single operation, • Cylinder head valve seats and guides – machining both features, in the parent bore and finish machining, ... thereby supporting the machining operation throughout its boring cycle, then retracting on completion, allowing the tool to be held in the machine tool’s magazine, allowing/facilitating an efficient ... line boring tool‘, for the machining of quite long crankshaft bearing housings on both automotive engine blocks and bored cam-seatings for cylinder heads This uniquely-designed ‘Telescopic line-boring...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 21:20

... dividing the machining process into either, roughing, or finishing reaming operations Low cutting speed together with high feedrates, in association with good lubrication agents offering adequate ... Kaczmarek, J Principles of Machining by Cutting Abrasion and Erosion Peter Pregrinus Pub (Warsaw), 1976 Kalpakjian, S Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc., 1997 ... modification machining tooling [Courtesy of Guhring Ltd.] Drilling and Associated Technologies Back Spot-Facing Back Spot-faced tools (Fig 75d), are usually employed in flush-facing an internal hole’s...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 21:20

... is recommended in the literature, as this action could result in over-loading the cutting inserts and breaking their edges 19 ‘Radial chip-thinning’ , is the effect of taking a radial DOC (ae) ... that of utilising button-style milling inserts, is the spindle power requirement is greater With increasing insert inclination of the approach angles the chip thins, causing the cutting forces to ... cutting edge inclination increases, the chip becomes both longer and thinner for the same DOC, or ‘ae’ (Fig 83b), with the load being spread over longer edge length – resulting in smoother cutting...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 21:20

... Manufacturing Eng’rs., Tool and Manufacturing Engineers Handbook – Vol – Machining 4th Ed., SME Pub., Dearborn, Mich., 1983 Smith, G.T Advanced Machining – The Handbook of Cutting Technology, IFS/Springer ... 1989 Smith, G.T CNC Machining Technology Springer Verlag, 1993 Tlusty, G Manufacturing Processes and Equipment Prentice Hall, 2000 Usui, E Modern Machining Theory [i.e In Japanese] Kyoritu-shuppan ... Chapter Modern Metal Cutting – A Practical Handbook AB Sandvik Coromant Pub., 1994 Oxley, P.L.B Mechanics of Machining Ellis Horwood Pub., 1989 Shaw, M.C Metal Cutting Principles Oxford Univ Press,...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 21:20

... present [11], in various fields including landfills, cement making and concrete product making such as bricks, blocks and tiles, in road making, in filling of the mines Attempts have been made earlier ... be seen in the variation of peak height with milling time which is shown in Fig The high energy milling decreases the crystallinity of the fly ash, thus increasing the amorphous domains in it [18] ... stretching vibration [19] The crystalline quartz (SiO2) domains are expected to be broken down during ball milling This has been evidenced from the decreased peak intensity with increasing milling...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 18:20

... by the single insert variety The multi-insert counter-boring heads, can have their inserts finely diametricallyadjusted by means of precision wedge and radial adjusting screws A trepanning operation ... nose radius and DOC is used This smaller boring insert nose radius, minimises contact between the workpiece and insert, resulting in lower tangential and radial cutting forces For fine-boring applications, ... Later boring bar versions, utilised indexable cutting inserts, or replaceable heads (Fig 61) Boring bars having replaceable heads are versatile, with the same bar allowing different cutting head designs...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 14:20

... by the single insert variety The multi-insert counter-boring heads, can have their inserts finely diametricallyadjusted by means of precision wedge and radial adjusting screws A trepanning operation ... example when machining free-cutting steel grades cutting speeds of up to 400 m min–1 are possible, whereas when drilling low-silicon aluminium grades cutting speeds of 600 m min–1 can be achieved ... Later boring bar versions, utilised indexable cutting inserts, or replaceable heads (Fig 61) Boring bars having replaceable heads are versatile, with the same bar allowing different cutting head designs...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 23:20

... In order to use mill cutters you will need a R-8 collet holder You can order this from Harbor Freight...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 10:21

... responsible for inducing chip flow in a direction normal to the lips in accordance with Stabler’s Law The increasing chip flow obliquity can be seen in Fig 45a, by observing the flow lines emanating from ... twist drill points 95 96 Chapter • Web-thinning – as its name implies, the chisel point edges of the drill, increasing both tool life and improvis web-thinned/notched, by regrinding to reduce ... 3.1 Drilling Technology 3.1.1 Introduction to the Twist Drill’s Development Drilling operations are perhaps the most popular machining process being undertaken today, with their origins being traced...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 20:22

... example when machining free-cutting steel grades cutting speeds of up to 400 m min–1 are possible, whereas when drilling low-silicon aluminium grades cutting speeds of 600 m min–1 can be achieved ... heat in the vicinity of cutting is an important factor in the cutting process, with much of the mechanical energy necessary for machining being converted into heat, then conducted into the chip, ... drills Indexable drills must be set up with care and in the correct relationship to the machine tool’s headstock/ spindle, ensuring that both the drill’s and the spindle’s centrelines are coincident,...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 20:22

... range of drilling/boring operations can be undertaken using indexable insert drills [Courtesy of Seco Tools] Drilling and Associated Technologies Figure 55.  Counterboring and trepanning [Courtesy ... chamfering and counter-boring In this case, not only does the usage of special-purpose tooling here seem the obvious solution, as it combines these individual operations in one, it has the advantage ... machining strategy One of the 30 Burnishing will improve the surface finish and dimensional accuracy, by plastically deforming the machined surface layers – cusps – without removing any additional...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 20:22