... effective use of
medicine can be traced back at least to Rudolph
Bucheim (1820–1879), who has been credited with
1
PRINCIPLES OFCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, SECOND EDITION
20 PrinciplesofClinical Pharmacology
Therefore, ... basic principlesofclinical phar-
macology currently are being applied in the process of drug
development.
Journals
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
British Journal ofClinical Pharmacology
Journal ... level of
1.4 ng/mL when measured by the immunoassays
11
PRINCIPLES OFCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, SECOND EDITION
CHAPTER
3
Compartmental Analysis of Drug
Distribution
ARTHUR J. ATKINSON, JR.
Clinical...
... designation of Chester Fritz Distinguished
Professor ofPharmacology and ofClinical Neuroscience, the
highest honor bestowed by the University of North Dakota.
8 DESK REFERENCE OFCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
For ... July of 1999, he was appointed professor
and chairman of the Department ofPharmacology and Tox-
icology at the University of North Dakota School of Med-
icine and Health Sciences. In September of ... infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ebadi, Manuchair S.
Desk reference ofclinicalpharmacology / author, Manuchair Ebadi. 2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Rev. ed. of: CRC desk reference of clinical...
... mechanisms of activation of dendritic cells, and the control
of microvascular circulation in human skin.
Torben Johansen, M.D., dr. med.,
is Docent of Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, ... Fellow of University College London in
1993 and received the degree of Doctor of Science from the University of London in the same
year. He was elected to the Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians ... F.R.C.P.,
is Professor of Immunopharmacology
at University College London. He has also been a Visiting Professor at the University of Southern
Denmark, Odense, Denmark, and the University of Tasmania,...
... to the Second Edition
In the 28 years since the first editionof this textbook, significant advances have
been made in our understanding of physical chemistry of foods, and in particular
of the ... osmotic pressure, c is concentration of solute in gl
21
of solution
and M
2
is molecular weight of the solute.
One of the many uses of Eq. (89) was determination of molecular weight.
In that connection, ... the development and application of new processes for
preservation of foods. As predicted in the preface of the first edition, processes
today seek optimization of nutritional and quality factors...
... study of the motion of material
bodies and of the associated forces.
The study of motion is called kinematics and
involves the use of geometry and the concept of
time, whereas the study of the ... vector sum of the
external forces acting on a particular set of
particles equals the total mass times the
acceleration of the centre of mass, irrespective of
the individual motion of the separate ...
Kinetics
of
a particle in plane motion,
21
Introduction. Newton’s laws
of
motion. Units.
Types
of
force. Gravitation. Frames
of
reference.
Systems of particles. Centre of mass. Free-body...
... vector sum of the
external forces acting on a particular set of
particles equals the total mass times the
acceleration of the centre of mass, irrespective of
the individual motion of the separate ... law
Every body continues
in
a state of rest
or
of
uniform rectilinear motion unless acted upon by a
force.
Second law
The rate of change of momentum of a body is
proportional to the force ... syllabuses
of
degree courses in
engineering. The emphasis of the book is on the
principles
of
mechanics and examples are drawn
from a wide range
of
engineering applications.
The order
of
presentation...
... basic principles
of
the
Part
1,
Part 2 and much
of
the Part
3
Engineering
Mechanics syllabuses
of
degree courses in
engineering. The emphasis of the book is on the
principles
of
mechanics ... law
Every body continues
in
a state of rest
or
of
uniform rectilinear motion unless acted upon by a
force.
Second law
The rate of change of momentum of a body is
proportional to the force ...
of
the
box
is
a,
determine
the
tension
T,.
L
Figure 3.13
W
=
W(-j)
=
-mu'
From Newton's second law (equation 3.1)
CF=ma
Principles
of
Engineering
Mechanics
Second...
... Chapter 005. PrinciplesofClinical
Pharmacology
(Part 1)
Harrison's Internal Medicine > Chapter 5. PrinciplesofClinical
Pharmacology
Principles ofClinical Pharmacology: Introduction ... accompaniment of drug
therapy, this is not the case. The goal of this chapter is to describe the principlesof
clinical pharmacology that can be used for the safe and optimal use of available ... of the target molecule itself or of variability in the broad biologic context
in which the drug-target interaction occurs to achieve drug effects.
Two important goals of the discipline of clinical...
... P-glycoprotein, the product of the
normal expression of the MDR1 gene. P-glycoprotein is expressed on the apical
aspect of the enterocyte and on the canalicular aspect of the hepatocyte (Fig. 5-3); ... from the site of administration (Fig. 5-
2). The extent of absorption may be reduced because a drug is incompletely
released from its dosage form, undergoes destruction at its site of administration, ...
a
Inhibitors affect the molecular pathway, and thus may affect substrate.
b
Clinically important genetics variants described.
A listing of CYP substrates, inhibitors, and inducers is maintained at
http://medicine.iupui.edu/flockhart/table.htm....
... intravenous infusion, plasma concentrations at steady
Chapter 005. PrinciplesofClinical
Pharmacology
(Part 3)
Clinical Implications of Altered Bioavailability
Some drugs undergo near-complete ... a typical intravenous dose of verapamil is 1–5 mg, compared
to the usual single oral dose of 40–120 mg. Administration of low-dose aspirin can
result in exposure of cyclooxygenase in platelets ... tissues, the volume of distribution can be far greater than
any physiologic space. For example, the volume of distribution of digoxin and
tricyclic antidepressants is hundreds of liters, obviously...
...
Chapter 005. PrinciplesofClinical
Pharmacology
(Part 4)
Clinical Implications of Drug Distribution
Digoxin accesses its cardiac site of action slowly, over a distribution phase
of several ... prevent elimination by
very rapid (t
1/2
of seconds) uptake into erythrocytes and endothelial cells before
the drug can reach its clinical site of action, the atrioventricular node.
Plasma ... volume of distribution of lidocaine is reduced. Therefore, lower-than-
normal loading regimens are required to achieve equivalent plasma drug
concentrations and to avoid toxicity.
Rate of Intravenous...
... effect of the drugs, it may produce
severe agonist–mediated effects (such as hypertension or tachycardia) if the
blocking drug is abruptly withdrawn.
Chapter 005. PrinciplesofClinical
Pharmacology ... site of action, it alters the function of that
molecular target, with the ultimate result of a drug effect that the patient or
physician can perceive. For drugs used in the urgent treatment of ... accumulation of
active metabolites. Commonly, the clinical effect develops as a downstream
consequence of the initial molecular effect the drug produces. Thus, administration
of a proton-pump...
... Response
Chapter 005. PrinciplesofClinical
Pharmacology
(Part 6)
Principles of Dose Selection
The desired goal of therapy with any drug is to maximize the likelihood of
a beneficial effect ... an understanding of the relationships
between plasma concentration and anticipated effects. For example, measurement
of QT interval is used during treatment with sotalol or dofetilide to avoid ... concentration and
beneficial or adverse drug effect, measurement of plasma levels can provide a
valuable tool to guide selection of an optimal dose. This is particularly true when
there is a...