power system components and per unit system

... where PGi and QGi : generator real and reactive power at i-th bus, respectively; PDi and QDi : load real and reactive power at i-th bus, respectively; Gij and Bij : transfer conductance and susceptance ... of wind renewable energy systems and the power systems computing and multi objective dispatching He is author and coauthor of several papers in international journals and international conferences ... presented in section and conclusion is made in section Implemented power system model 2.1 Power flow in line transmission Power flow through the transmission line i-j namely Pij and Qij are depended...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 15:28

Ngày tải lên: 21/11/2013, 13:49

... Table and table 10 show the results of AAIR evaluation for cases 13 and 14 XVI Conclusions This paper investigates the reliability of power system In the reliability evaluation, power system ... Sulaimani and Erbil governorate Case study 11 and 12 reliability of the regional power system evaluated by disjoint technique and compared with the previous case studies Case study 13 and 14 investigate ... particular system, the system failure function is obtained and can be processed similarly to derive system unreliability expression By applying Eqn.14, the definition of exclusive operator and Eqn.15,...

Ngày tải lên: 03/01/2014, 19:39

... 16.3 Power System Stabilizer 16.3.1 Simplified Power System Stabilizer Model 16.3.2 Power System Stabilizer Type I 16.3.3 Power System ... loads, synchronous and induction machines, primary frequency and voltage regulators and power system stabilizers, dc devices, ac-dc devices, FACTS devices, and wind turbines and other distributed ... physical systems and defines the general mathematical model used for describing the behavior of power systems Chapter introduces the structure and the features of a software package for power system...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 22:20

... of standards, several manufacturers have developed proprietary ‘‘flicker’’ meters In recent years, an effort has been made to standardize the definition of ‘‘flicker,’’ and to standardize the performance ... examples of disturbance data in books such as The BMI Handbook of Power Signatures, Second Edition, and the Dranetz Field Handbook for Power Quality Analysis ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, ... harmonics, and power data Try to determine the types of events that can disturb the equipment, and select a meter that is capable of detecting those types of events Fourth, decide on a monitoring period...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:11

... Distribution System Modeling and Analysis William H Kersting 22 Power System Operation and Control George L Clark and Simon W Bowen 23 Hard to Find Information (on Distribution System Characteristics and ... Reta-Hernandez 14 Sag and Tension of Conductor D.A Douglass and Ridley Thrash 15 Corona and Noise Giao N Trinh 16 Geomagnetic Disturbances and Impacts upon Power System Operation John G Kappenman ... this handbook This volume of the handbook is devoted to the subjects of electric power generation by both conventional and nonconventional methods, transmission systems, distribution systems, power...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:11

... Oklahoma, and Texas), the winds are strongest in the spring (March and April) and weakest in the summer (July and August) Utilities here are summer peaking, and hence need the most power when ... much attention in the wind power community is that of a fair compensation to the land owner for the privilege of installing wind turbines The developer could buy the land, hopefully with a small ... developer wants Actual cash rent on grassland might be $15=acre, or a return of 0.03 on investment We see an immediate opportunity for disagreement, even hypocrisy The developer might offer the landowner...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:11

... a result, the compressor and the expander must operate at the same time and must have the same air mass flow rate In the case of a CAES plant, the compressor and the expander can be sized independently ... but the compressor and the expander operate independently In a combustion turbine, the air that is used to drive the turbine is compressed just prior to combustion and expansion and, as a result, ... Group, LLC systems are quiet and non-polluting, and can be installed near load centers and existing suburban substations These have round-trip AC–AC efficiencies in the range of 85%, and can respond...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:11

... of their total customer demand Some of these systems have been residential and commercial rooftop systems and other systems have been larger ground-mounted systems PV systems are generally classified ... Stand-alone PV systems are used when it is impractical to connect to the utility grid Common standalone systems include PV-powered fans, water pumping systems, portable highway signs, and power ... into the system Stand-alone systems also often incorporate battery storage to run the system under low sun or no sun conditions 3.2.2.1 PV-Powered Fans Perhaps the simplest of all PV systems is...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:11

... angle acceleration during system fault conditions [see Power System Stability and Control, Kundur (1994) and Section of title Power System Stability and Control of this handbook.] 4.2.4 Generator ... machine, for damping power system dynamic oscillations [see Power System Stability and Control, Kundur (1994) and Section of title Power System Stability and Control of this handbook.] Various auxiliary ... number and size of generating units installed to achieve the desired plant capacity and energy, taking into account installed unit costs, unit availability, and efficiencies at various unit power...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:11

... electrically powered stator winding generates rotating electromagnetic poles and the attraction of the rotor magnets, operating in synchronism, produces torque and delivery of mechanical power to ... bearing, if a single-shaft end unit, and on both bearing and coupling at the same shaft end for double-shaft end drive units Damage can occur to bearings even with properly applied insulation, when ... it were a capacitor Shaft grounding and shaft voltage and grounding current monitoring can be employed to predict and prevent bearing and other problems 5.3 Performance 5.3.1 Synchronous Machines,...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:11

... egress lighting and lighting requirements for plant maintenance 6.6 DC Systems The plant will require at least one DC system for control and operation of essential systems when off-site power is lost ... DC Auxiliary Power Systems for Generating Stations Switchgear IEEE Standards Collection: Power and Energy-Switchgear, 1998 Edition Auxiliary Transformers IEEE Distribution, Power and Regulating ... turbine generator will be supplied as a unit The size and characteristics are usually determined by the system planners as a result of system load requirements and system stability requirements ß 2006...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:11

... automotive and transportation markets These experiments later expanded into markets associated with military and commercial aircraft and mobile systems Microturbines are typically defined as systems ... services and are essential for the reliability and operation of the electric power system The electrical services that are supported include generating capacity, energy supply, and the power delivery ... for the utilities and customers, in addition to selling power across the grid In many cases, an end user does not have the expertise to operate and maintain generation systems and would prefer...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:11

... Impacts upon Power System Operation John G Kappenman 16-1 Introduction Power Grid Damage and Restoration Concerns Weak Link in the Grid: Transformers An Overview of Power System Reliability ... Highvoltage and extra-high-voltage (EHV) transmission lines interconnect power plants and loads, and form an electric network Figure 8.4 shows a typical high-voltage and EHV system This system contains ... the system through a switch is the most frequently used voltage control method The capacitor reduces lagging -power- factor reactive power and improves the power factor This increases voltage and...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:11

... consideration as an International Standard References Carton, T and Peyrot, A., Computer Aided Structural and Geometric Design of Power Lines, IEEE Trans on Power Line Syst., 7(1), 1992 Dreyfuss, ... Valley, Electric Light and Power Magazine, 48(vii), 55–58, 1971 12 Pohlman, J and Lummis, J., Flexible Structures Offer Broken Wire Integrity at Low Cost, Electric Light and Power, 46(V, 144–148.4), ... requirements imposed by mandatory regulations and construction and maintenance loads In some countries, design wind speed, such as the 50-year return period, is given in National Standards ß 2006 by...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:11

... grounded 1.3 per unit 1.73 per unit or greater sec 10 sec Load rejection System substation Generator station Resonance Transformer energization 1.2 per unit 1.5 per unit per unit 1.5–2.0 per unit 1–5 ... short period of time Fast washing prevents the formation of dry bands and pollution-caused flashover However, major drawbacks of this method include high installation and operational costs Periodic ... number of faults per year A typical number of insulation failure-caused faults is 0.5–10 per year, per 100 mi of line 10.1.1 Transmission Lines and Substations Transmission line and substation...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:11

... realized and maximum safety of personnel is attained, properly designed and constructed tools and equipment are tantamount to a successful job Because the initial cost of these tools and equipment ... conductors being strung and pulling cables being used, or fully insulating equipment and operator, isolating equipment and personnel All equipment, conductors, anchors, and structures within a ... an option Transmission system managers are required to keep systems operational and will be fined if high levels of performance are not attained The option of de-energizing systems for maintenance...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:11

... Radial system and (B) looped system A radial system has the lowest initial cost, because a looped system requires the additional facilities to the second source Outage restoration on a radial system ... direct buried low-voltage power cables 12.4 Medium- and High-Voltage Power Cables Medium- and high-voltage power cables, in addition to being insulated, are shielded to contain and evenly distribute ... cable components, (B) high-voltage cable components flexible and has an operating temperature limit of 908C or 1058C depending on type TRXLPE because it is cross-linked, does not melt at high operating...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:11

... Devices and Power Systems, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1994 Glover, J.D and Sarma, M.S., Power System Analysis and Design, 3rd ed., Brooks=Cole, 2002 Stevenson, W.D Jr., Elements of Power System ... H., Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA, 1999 Gross, Ch.A., Power System Analysis, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1979 Gungor, B.R., Power Systems, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Orlando, ... conductors A0 , B0 , and C0 DA, DB, and DC are perpendicular distances from phases A, B, and C to earth’s surface DAA0 , DBB0 , and DCC0 are the perpendicular distances from phases A, B, and C to the...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:11

... where wb ¼ bare conductor weight per unit length, lb=ft ¼ weight of ice per unit length, lb=ft wi ¼ wind load per unit length, lb=ft ww ww + i ¼ resultant of ice and wind loads, lb=ft The NESC ... Final sags and tensions depend on initial installed sags and tensions and on proper handling during installation The final sag shape of conductors is used to select support point heights and span ... of aluminum strands, square units AST ¼Area of steel strands, square units ATOTAL ¼Total cross-sectional area, square units aAL ¼ Aluminum coefficient of linear thermal expansion, per 8F ¼ Steel...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:11