population community and ecosystem levels of organization

... equation and related formalisms, e.g by Wade and Kalisz (1990), Heisler and Damuth (1987), Endler (1986), Lande and Arnold (1983), and Rice (2004) 26 Evolution and the Levels of Selection of z ‘due ... ‘additivity criterion’ of Lloyd and Wimsatt Evolution and the Levels of Selection is discussed, as is Brandon’s ‘screening off’ criterion, Vrba’s ‘emergent character’ criterion, and Damuth and Heisler’s ... Emergent Relations and the Damuth–Heisler Approach 119 4.2 Screening Off and the Levels of Selection 4.3 Realism versus Pluralism about the Levels of Selection 121 125 4.3.1 Pluralism and Causality...

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 05:34

... analyzing the 78 patients (20% of total population) with surveys, viral load, and matched resistance data This subset of the population provided a cumulative total of 12 months of sexual behavior experience ... not provided population- based information over time on the quantitative aspects and dynamics of the relationship of sexual risk and resistance The data needed to more fully understand this relationship ... or were taken off drugs, and some patients went in and out of sexual risk during their course of participation in the study Risk behavior could be matched with confirmed viral load and viral resistance...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 08:20

... >5.0 mmol/l Low HDL levels were found in 3% of the women and 5% in the men High LDL levels were present in 51% of the women and in 32% of the Anthropometrical assessments and body composition ... is, below the 10th percentile of a reference population, was registered in 26% and 21% of the women and men, respectively Furthermore, 18% of the women and 26% of the men were assessed to have ... dyslipidemia as were increased levels of total cholesterol, LDL and oxLDL and also low levels of anti-PC These patients are therefore suggested to have an increased risk of CVD and premature mortality...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 13:22

... pluralism and participation, and functioning of government Civil liberties include freedom of expression and belief, associational and organizational rights, rule of law, and personal autonomy and ... education of women and girls, which has shown potent population level effects on both health and development, and may be both a cause, and an outcome, of freedom[16] Furthermore, the patterns and timing ... democratisation and health indicators[17] In contrast, this paper offers a broad overview of the relationship between historical and cumulative freedom levels and health of all countries regardless of social,...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 14:21

... both protein and mRNA levels of IL-17A and mRNA levels of IL-22 and IL-23 in sputum of stable CF patients and to relate expression of these cytokines in sputum to the chronicity of airway infection ... chronic Figure Comparison of IL-17A and IL-23 levels between patients with different colonisation status of P aeruginosa and S aureus Comparison of IL-17A and IL-23 mRNA levels between patients ... significant) Median levels are shown by the line Discussion In the present study, we found elevated levels of both IL-17A protein and mRNA levels and also of IL-23 mRNA in sputum of clinically stable...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 13:22

... we determined decreased levels of LDL (P = 0.026) and increased levels of TG (P = 0.003), CRP (P < 0.001) and HOMA-IR (P = 0.011) Low anti-PC IgM- levels occurred more often in patients (lowest ... measurements of IMT and lumen diameter, by using the automated analyzing system, were 4.9% and 2.4% (coefficient of variation), respectively (with an IMT of 0.44 to 1.02 mm and a lumen diameter of 4.38 ... JF and MV, and participating in drafting of the manuscript TG performed and analysed physiological investigations with TJ, and participated in drafting the manuscript XH and JS performed and...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 15:22

... acquisition of the data and draft of the manuscript HT helped collection and acquisition of the data and draft of the manuscript TA and TK was involved in the interpretation and design of the study, and ... patients (Figure and Table 1) In our RA patients, the expression levels of hRasGRP4 were not related to any of investigated clinical and laboratory features Alternatively spliced isoforms of hRasGRP4 ... The levels of the hRasGRP4 transcripts were higher than the normal levels in 41% of our RA patients (p < 0.0001) (Figure 2) The levels of the hRasGRP4 transcript also were higher in the PBMCs of...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 18:20

... 12:401-404 Grandin T: Assessment of stress during handling and transport J Anim Sci 1997, 75:249-257 Waran NK, Cuddeford D: Effects of loading and transport on the heart rate and behaviour of horses ... Welfare assessment and welfare problem areas during handling and transport In Livestock Handling and Transport Edited by: Grandin T Wallingford, CABI; 2000:43-61 Thornton J: Effect of the microclimate ... transportation stress and influence of different distance and age on β-endorphin, ACTH and cortisol levels of horses In Proceedings of the 34th International Congress of the International Society for...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 18:22

... 103º40’E), and includes four forest fragments on the main island of Singapore, two on the offshore island of Pulau Ubin, Singapore and two continuous forests in the Malaysian state of Johor Deforestation ... comparisons and conclusions of dung beetle diversity and ecosystem functioning on standardized methods employed throughout the study and across all sites Another drawback of my study is the use of cattle ... species and mean number of individuals and MacRitchie had the lowest mean number of species and mean number of individuals in baited pitfall traps within a single transect 16 (Figs 2a and 2b)...

Ngày tải lên: 16/10/2015, 15:34

... shelter, etc.) Food and the Trophic Levels More About Feeding •  Trophic level - steps in the passage of energy and matter through an biotic and abiotic aspects of an ecosystem •  Matter and energy are ... Communities Populations •  Community - made up of populations that interact with each other • Population - a group of organisms that mate with one another and live in the same place ... Food web – non-linear flow of matter and food through an ecosystem •  Why does energy flow and matter cycle? •  Matter Cycles are part of the abiotic materials flow in an ecosystems: – Expresses...

Ngày tải lên: 09/06/2016, 14:46

... deviation of patients and control group were 61.96±14.5, 59.63±13.8, respectively Age range of patients and controls were 44-85 year and 43-86 year respectively Table shows serum Na+, K+ of case and ... years of age Approximately 75 percent of population over 75 suffer from lens opacity or cataract, which is the major cause of poor vision and blindness in the world [1,2,3,4] The commonest form of ... group and sent to the laboratory Serum Na+, K+ levels were measured with flam photometry method by the aid of SEAC model FLP20, Italy Outcoming data was assessed by spss 11 software and mean of...

Ngày tải lên: 03/11/2012, 09:49

... cognitive abilities of both the source of knowledge (Foss and Pedersen, 2002) and the recipient (Gupta and Govindarajan, 2000; Tsai, 2001) are key factors Absorptive and retentive capacity of the recipient, ... concept of motivation They set the boundaries of learning by defining business, norms and beliefs, and organizational infrastructure Similarly, Nonaka (1994) discusses organizational learning and ... Program Organization Science 1(3): 313–335 Yin RK 1994 Case study research: Design and methods (2nd edn) Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA Zander U, Kogut B 1995 Knowledge and the speed of transfer and imitation...

Ngày tải lên: 24/01/2014, 00:20

... tests of physical performance for assessing the functioning of upper and lower extremities were carried out, using standard procedures These included: semi tandem stand, full tandem stand, rising ... quality of data Assessment of health status at community level requires the use of methodologies that are feasible in such settings and also shown to be valid as predictors of mortality and morbidity ... 84% in Indonesia and 62% in Thailand (10) It was D N Fernando and R de A Seneviratna 14 Table Self-assessed "health status" by some psychosocial factors and indicators of use of health services...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 06:20

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 11:20

... Economic Development Programs and Initiatives Collaboration with Community and Non-Profit Groups Partnerships linked to community and non-profits Corporate Alliances Specific and direct sponsorships ... capacity Ensure a stable supply of knowledge and skills in high need areas Increase the size, diversity of skills and productivity of the labor force Dimensions of Social and Economic Value Regional ... their state and regional economies, including generating an average return of up to $5 for every $1 of state tax dollar invested (Source: National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 01:20

... benefits of reducing the risk factor by a specified amount A determination of the size of the population groups exposed to PM10 and PM2.5, and the type of health effect of interest The incidence of ... use of air conditioning and gas stoves, and day of week Even though some of the studies combined individuals with different levels of asthma severity and medication use, or combined asthmatics and ... into account various population groups exposed at different levels of pollutants, for example of the population of various cities in a country In the case of the population of only one city with...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 16:20

... the use of community- based alternatives rather than institutions for the delivery of services The provision of services in the community should go hand-inhand with reducing the populations of mental ... community mental health services include a wide array of settings and different levels of care provided by mental health professionals and paraprofessionals, i.e people who work alongside professionals ... national, regional and local levels; mental health professionals; people with mental disorders and their representative organizations; representatives or associations of families and carers of persons...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 01:20

... Fig Levels of total and phosphorylated (p) forms of eEF2K and eEF2 in AD and control brains (A) When compared with controls, level of p-eEF2K (Ser366) significantly increased, and levels of total ... Li et al Results Levels of total and phosphorylated mTOR in AD and control brains Levels of total mTOR did not show a significant change between AD and control (Fig 1A) Levels of mTOR phosphorylated ... have found increased levels of phosphorylated (p) p70S6K [6] and p-eIF4E [10] in AD brains In the current study (Table 1), levels of total and p-forms of mTOR, 4E-BP1, eEF2, and eEF2K were investigated...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 22:20

... study, the effects of rapamycin on the LPSinduced increase in Oct-2 protein and on the expression of iNOS and G-CSF protein and mRNA were evaluated in macrophages, and the involvement of Oct-2 in LPS ... were pretreated with 200 ngÆmL)1 of rapamycin for 30 (lanes and 4), followed by incubation with (lanes and 4) or without (lanes and 3) LPS for h The levels of Oct-2 and b-actin were measured after ... for 24 h with 7.5 lg of empty vector (lanes and 5) or plasmid encoding DN-mTOR (lane 6), then incubated in the presence or absence of LPS for 30 and the levels of total and phosphorylated p70...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 17:20

... islands with a CGobs/CGexp ratio in excess of 0.6 and a G + C content of 62% spanning two regions from )377 to )158 and from )137 to +136 of the start codon Such a CpG island is indicative of ... and PLP has an extinction coefficient of 5900 M)1Æcm)1 One unit of specific activity is defined as the amount of protein that catalyses the formation of lmol PLPÆmin)1 at 25 °C The value of Km and ... genomic structure and expression of PNPO Here we present a characterization of the genomic organization, the structure of the mRNA isoforms produced by alternative polyadenylation, and the tissue...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 12:20