policy debate and the burden of scientific proof

... XII Of The Explanation Of Laws Of Nature  Chapter XIII Miscellaneous Examples Of The Explanation Of Laws Of Nature  Chapter XIV Of The Limits To The Explanation Of Laws Of Nature; And Of Hypotheses ... occupations The business of the magistrate, of the military commander, of the navigator, of the physician, of the agriculturist, is merely to judge of evidence, and to act accordingly They all have ... at the mouth of the Dart But it is no part of the signification of the word John, that the father of the person so called bore the same name; nor even of the word Dartmouth, to be situated at the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 13:20

... time and space, the thesis has focused on the debate that came out of the publication of NEP, the important issues within the debate and the impact of the policy on Balochistan province 1.2 The ... in their mother tongue One of the goals of the Education Reforms (2001) and later NEP 2009 was, to lower the gender gap and improve the level of literacy across the country, while the quality of ... colonial domination on the one hand rapidly increase the use of English, while on the other hand the concerns about the preservation, promotion and future of the minority and regional languages...

Ngày tải lên: 22/12/2014, 16:41

... zero even at the 95% level in Canada, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the US Moreover, while in some countries, (including Finland, the UK and the US) residential ... confidence bands in all graphs Given the large 16 To identify the monetary policy shock it is sufficient to determine the position of the monetary policy instrument; the ordering of the variables in the ... also for these countries the existence of cointegration could not be rejected We therefore specify the VAR models in the level of the variables Nevertheless, we neither impose the number of cointegrating...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2012, 09:40

... example, the administration and management of policy, the delivery of services, the development, analysis and evaluation of policy, the involvement of political and democratic processes and interacting ... employment and our experience of work, and the operation of the modern state The advent of the internet has generated new and heightened interest in the governmental operations of the state, ... intention in the use of tools and reflect on the way in which instruments can transform the way in which we understand and see the world In a very literal way, the invention of the telescope and microscope...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 06:21

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 15:20

... became the C-portion of the syllogism and the main evidence that contributed to the awarding of the contract Statistics are another form of logical evidence, and their power varies widely At the ... some of which are shown in Figure 2-1a, the presenters of the proposal used referenced facts and the opinions of experts to assign a cut-off value The establishment of these criteria formed the ... classics of literature and philosophy.”4 The 13 14 THE CRAFT OF SCIENTIFIC PRESENTATIONS combination of these two problems caused many of the students to complain to the head of the department However,...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 18:20

... support for the expectations theory of the term structure (see references in Cook and Hahn (1989)) The standard test of the expectations theory in these papers is to regress the change in the 3-month ... downward The greater the proportion of the variance of the yield curve slope due to the expected term premium and the less due to the expected change in the 3-month rate, the greater will be the downward ... conventional tests of the expectations theory of the term structure that are discussed briefly V.l The Founding of the Fed The Federal Reserve radically altered the character of short-term rate...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 01:20

... ING Barings is also the fifty per cent owner of the Netherlands Post With the Postbank and the Netherlands Post under the same ownership, the two institutions can again tap the synergies possible ... Savings and the Provision of Financial Services widely seen as part of the agenda of Germany’s commercial banks to force the privatization and then take over the Landesbanks Even though the Sparkassen ... corporation, and several to privatized systems Europe has had the most occurrences of privatization of postal operations, and the entire systems of the Netherlands and Germany have been privatized The...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 09:20

... debt financing The greater the cost of external debt financing and the greater the volatility in the supply of demand deposits, the greater the demand for securities as an inventory of liquidity ... ignoring the differing responses of constrained and unconstrained banks potentially can affect the size of the impact of monetary policy on the economy and the ability to find evidence of an operational ... data, and the 1986:IV and 1987:I observations because of the effects on the timing of investment and loans associated with the Tax Reform Act of 1986 For the entire unconstrained bank sample, the...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 10:20

... CALCULATIONS OF INDICATORS AND OF A COMPOSITE INDEX FOR THE NETHERLANDS Climate Change Depletion of the Ozone Layer Acidification of the Environment Eutrophication of the Environment Dispersion of Toxic ... environmental issue on the basis of the gap between the current value of the indicator and the long-term policy target for sustainability: the greater the gap, the larger the weight assigned Figure ... indicator tracks the magnitude and rate of change of the atmospheric reservoir of the most abundant ozone-depleting substances Because of the long lifetimes of these chemicals and the quantities...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 16:20

... envisioned in the Programme of action Olsen and Zeckhauser (1966) were the first to check whether there exist in the practice of the NATO some form of ‘exploitation’ by the small countries of the large ... consisting of the level of literacy, life expectancy and GDP per capita To get a clear picture of what might be at stake the gap variable is split up by the HDI of both the donor and the HDI of the ... programs and can therefore not neglect the efforts of others if they want to achieve goals that are in line with the agenda set by the participants of the Cairo conference They are dependent on others...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 12:20

... procyclical in its operations. Essentially this is because the value of available collateral reflects  three components; the market value of the collateral, the haircut imposed on the borrower and the velocity  of turnover  (rehypothecation )of the ...  This is not to deny successful efforts by a number of countries, including China, to expand markets in other  EME’s. Of course this still leaves the broader question of the robustness of the totality of those markets  in the event of a serious downturn in the AME’s.   ... than the underlying loan itself. Now many of these deals need to be restructured, but low policy rates have raised  the cost of breaking the swap to prohibitive levels. This is another example of how low policy rates can impede the purging of malinvestments in the downswing of the credit cycle. ...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 23:20

... Prasad (1997) studied the effect of an appreciation Orphanides and Wieland (1998) provided a first study of the effect of the zero bound on the distributions of output and inflation in the U.S economy ... indicate the upward bias in the standard deviation of output and inflation as a function of the equilibrium nominal interest rate For example, for an i∗ of 1% the standard deviation of the output ... above, the distortion of output and inflation distributions is driven by a distortion of the real interest rate The left-hand panels of Figure report the upward bias in the mean real rate and the...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 23:20

... for loans The market rate increases as the PBC raises the RRR, which means the higher the RRR, the less the funding available from the banks and the higher the demand for funding in the nonregulated ... has no impact on the market rate The market rate increases as the PBC raises the RRR and issues more bills The impact of the credit quota on the market rate is ambiguous The proof of Result 2.3 ... He and Honglin Wang Dual-track Interest Rates and the Conduct of Monetary Policy in China All opinions expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily reflect the views of the Bank of...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 13:20

... and the questioning of the long-term viability of the Eurozone as the prospect of a breakup of the euro is increasingly viewed as possible.” While the potential fiscal and political causes of the ... Finland, France, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, and the UK are explored in more detail It should be noted that due to the concerns about the accuracy of the HP filter towards the end of ... policy stress in the euro area declined gradually in the first two years of the ECB operation and hovered around 2% over the rest of the observation period The pattern in the early years of the...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 13:20

... key issues of domestic policy; in the second case, the factors determining the ratio of the value of the goods and services foregone by the two countries because of the disruption to their respective ... understand them better Since the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe, the sources of security threats, the composition and cohesion of alliances, and the shape of regional orders have been in flux The ... under the rubric of instrumental relevance But an appreciation of the range of the possible and the consequences of various policies also requires a grasp of the circumstances under which the policy...

Ngày tải lên: 01/06/2014, 00:53

... demanded the specification of the probability of any hypothesis in the light of the available empirical evidence The honesty of na¨ve falsificationism demanded the testing of the falsifiable and the ... favour of science in England The simultaneous combination of the decline in the fortunes of religion and the increase in the fortunes of science has often encouraged the assumption that the abandonment ... in terms of the reform of the natural philosopher (Ch 6), and in terms of its general implications for understanding of the aims of natural-philosophical enquiry (Ch 7) In the course of the sixteenth...

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 10:28

... understanding the impact of PE from the perspective of males with PE and of female partners of men with PE A key strength of this qualitative research study is the large number of male and female ... control in understanding the impact of PE on men and their partners Latency time and the perception of control over ejaculation affect the men's satisfaction with sexual intercourse and their distress ... definitions of PE persist and there is debate about the role of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in determining the diagnosis of PE [4-6] The current study focused on examining patient perceptions of the...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... perceived life satisfaction of the dyads, the perceived level of impact of the stroke in everyday life for the persons with stroke and the perceived level of burden of care for the caregiver Life Satisfaction ... contributed to the design of the study, data analysis and to the revision of the manuscript KT was responsible for initiating and planning the study, contributed to the design of the study and was instrumental ... satisfaction and the impact of stroke The results of the impact of stroke in everyday life and the association with the dyads combined life satisfaction are presented in Table These results show that the...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 15:20

... in the decisions throughout the process of development and finalisation of the questionnaire They gave their approval at each of the milestones of the development and finalisation process The ... between some of the IDEEL dimensions and the SF-36 (such as “impact on work” of IDEEL and “role physical” of SF-36; “emotional impact” of IDEEL and the mental component (or some of the related ... correlated with the items of the DEQ (range: -0.05-0.83), indicating the concurrent validity of the IDEEL (Table 3) The strength of the associations between the IDEEL dimensions and DEQ items was...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 15:20