policy and legal responses

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 07:20

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 18:20

... efficacy of Valsalva maneuver on needle projection pain and hemody- namic responses during spinal puncture. Methods and Materials This randomized clinical trial was performed in Dr.Shariati ... baroreceptor ac- tivation and nociception, on needle projection pain and hemodynamic responses associated with spinal puncture. Ninety adults, ASA physical status I and II undergoing elective ... rated as mild, 4–6 as moderate, and > 6 as severe. Blood pressure and heart rate, five minutes before the procedure, during the spinal puncture and first and third minutes after that, were...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2012, 11:15

... observations from Den- mark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. In H. L. Meiselman, Dimen- sions of the meal. The science, culture, business, and art of eating (pp. 191±201). Maryland: Aspen. Raudenbush, B., ... Approximately similar mean and dispersion statistics have been observed by Pliner and Hobden (1992) in Canadian students; by Frank et al. (1997) in US students; and by Frank and Hursti (1999) in a ... ®nding that was similar to US and Swedish populations (Frank & Hursti, 1999). Education is likely to enhance the access and exposures to various stimuli, events and issues, and thereby it can perhaps...

Ngày tải lên: 03/04/2013, 21:06

Ngày tải lên: 06/09/2013, 05:46

... Social and Environmental Research, Chiang Mai University, Thailand louis@sea-user.org SINH Bach Tan, Science and Policy Studies Center, National Institute for Science and Technology Policy and ... and P. G. Tran. 2006. Prevention and cure: health sector responses to flooding. Science and Culture. Gosh, A., and J. Roy. 2006. Coping with extreme climatic events: analysis of household and ... social and ecological resilience and for guiding individual and collective behavior. Sixth is the existing gap between the declared goals and mission of institutions, on the one hand, and results...

Ngày tải lên: 22/10/2013, 10:15

... of public and publicly guaranteed external debt to gross domestic product and to exports, and debt service on the same debt to exports to judge debt sustainability. Country policies and institutional ... board. It is recognized that there may be differences between the Bank and Fund in these assessments and possible scenarios and it is not known how these will be played out in the countries where ... ratings and the inputs expected from and the involvement of national staff in the process. There should be opportunities for the Bank to present their findings both to the country concerned and...

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 08:15

... 435 L1_only3A and L1_only3B Configuration 436 Viewing the Routing Table and Link-State Database 437 L1/L2_3to1 Routing Table and Link-State Database 439 L1_only3A and L1_only3B Routing Table and Link-State ... routing protocol and routing policy basics are covered, but the size of the book limited the depth to which each protocol and policy could be explored. Part 1: The Internet and the Router. These ... to create subnets and supernets and how routers deal with IP addresses with variable-length network prefixes. All of the necessary terminology and practices regarding subnets and supernets are...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 00:15

... discussed above and in Annex 1. These were the PV of public and publicly guaranteed external debt to GDP, exports, and government revenue, and debt service on the same debt to exports, and government ... Proposal for an Operational Framework and Policy Implications by Mark Allen and Gobind Nankani, IMF and IDA, February 3, 2004. 3 Debt Sustainability and Financing Terms in IDA 14, IDA, June ... borrowing, foreign and domestic, public and publicly guaranteed, private non-guaranteed, including both short- and long-term debt, without compromising its long-term development goals and objectives....

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... policies and institutional capability and vulnerability to shocks are other factors identified as being important for assessing a country’s debt sustainability. In particular, country policies and ... judged by the absolute amount or PV of debt outstanding as a ratio with GDP, exports or government revenue. The second is a weak institutional and policy environment in the country which makes ... distress and the debt thresholds for the chosen indicators are policy decisions that need to be made. 6 Footnote 19 in “Debt Sustainability in Low Income Countries” by Mark Allen and Gobind...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... inflation and the current account; fiscal policy; management of external debt; and management and sustainability of the development program; • Structural policies, including trade policy and foreign ... financial stability and depth; banking sector efficiency and resource mobilization; competitive environment for the private sector; factor and product markets; and policies and institutions ... equity and equality of economic opportunity, equity of public resource use, building human resources, safety nets; and poverty monitoring and analysis; and • Public sector management and institutions,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

Ngày tải lên: 26/11/2013, 13:19

... charges and commitment fees) materialize and upfront charges for grants are levied (to replace foregone principal reflows) it would reduce the need to harden the credit terms for both IDA only and ... Countries 1 Ibid footnote 3, page 10. DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES: POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS Paper submitted for the G-24 Technical Group Meeting (Washington, ... credits, and imposing upfront charges on grant recipients. Additional grant financing by donors is made up of two parts. The first is the upfront payment by donors of the foregone service and commitment...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... charges and commitment fees) materialize and upfront charges for grants are levied (to replace foregone principal reflows) it would reduce the need to harden the credit terms for both IDA only and ... considerations raise questions of why countries with similar institutional and policy performance as judged by the CPIA and similar per capita income levels receive IDA allocations on different ... allocations thereby weakening the desired relationship between institutional capability and policy performance and the allocation of funds. In view of this, IDA management has proposed an upfront...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... experience and little applied knowledge (e.g., institutional development, gender equality, and labor-intensive growth). The United Nations has a stronger mandate to work in the political arena and ... stock and flow problems in formulating an appropriate borrowing strategy. A high current debt service ratio combined with a low level of debt stock needs to be handled as a liquidity problem and ... be kept in mind and taken account of in determining a country’s strategy for mobilizing external resources. Many of them are recognized and described in the Framework Paper and mentioned again...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... public and Conclusions and Recommendations 59. The framework summarized in the paper 1 starts with a grouping of all low income countries in accordance with the performance of institutions and ... DSAs and consequently of government revenue in determining debt indicators and their threshold values. Similarly, it is also recommended that studies be conducted on determining indicators and ... ratings and the inputs expected from and the involvement of national staff in the process. There should be opportunities for the Bank to present their findings both to the country concerned and...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... year from its earnings from goods and non-factor services. c) Public debt outstanding to GDP or GNI ratio compares the total of domestic and external outstanding to the size of the economy. ... of exports of goods and non factor services that is absorbed for debt service payments, i.e., interest, principal and other payments. The basic ratio refers only to long and medium-term debt ... of exports of goods and non- factor services that are absorbed for debt service payments on both long and short-term debt. Debt Burden Ratios a) The total debt outstanding to GDP or GNI...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... commitment and public support and participatory processes through which the public can influence decisions. Structural policies • Trade policy and foreign exchange regime. How well the policy ... Contracts are enforced. Laws and regulations affecting businesses and individuals are consistently applied and not subject to negotiation. • Quality of budgetary and financial management. This ... decisions and are accountable for results and adhering to budget. • Transparency. Accountability and corruption in the public sector. In countries with high scores, the reasons for decisions, and...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... removal policy (which kicks in when policy is removed), and so on. Click Apply and then OK when you are done. 4667-8 ch11.f.qc 5/15/00 2:01 PM Page 410 401 Chapter 11 ✦ Change Control and Policy and ... strategy and groups and users extensively in the earlier chapters. But before you go there, first sit down with the policy required by change management and security, and separate out policy required ... particular container and therefore its members (see the section “How Group Policy Works,” later in this chapter). The Policy The Policy or Group Policy (GP) is the property of the GPO. The policy is the...

Ngày tải lên: 21/12/2013, 05:18

Ngày tải lên: 12/02/2014, 19:20