policy and legal framework

... worth the candle” Other commentators, however, have welcomed the initiative as ‘a step in the right direction’ that may ‘encourage and motivate inventors and institutes and provide a legal framework ... agriculture, healthcare and industry, ex-situ and in-situ gene banks for crops and endangered medicinal and aromatic plants, medium and high throughput screening facilities for drugs and pharmaceuticals, ... Plants and Guidelines for Toxicity and Allergenicity Evaluation of Transgenic Seeds, Plants and Plant Parts) Digital Competitiveness Papers Biotechnology in India: Its Policy and Normative Framework...

Ngày tải lên: 13/03/2014, 21:49

... of public and publicly guaranteed external debt to gross domestic product and to exports, and debt service on the same debt to exports to judge debt sustainability Country policies and institutional ... Concerns and Issues 16 Debt Sustainability Framework 16 The PBA System 17 Other Issues 18 Conclusions and Recommendations 18 CPIA 20 Debt Thresholds and Indicators 21 Annexes Debt Indicators 23 ... List of References 32 ABBREVIATIONS CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment DSA Debt Sustainability Analysis DSF Debt Sustainability Framework GDP Gross Domestic Product GNI Gross National...

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 08:15

... Countries: Proposal for an Operational Framework and Policy Implications by Mark Allen and Gobind Nankani, IMF and IDA, February 3, 2004 Debt Sustainability and Financing Terms in IDA 14, IDA, June ... balance and payments and budgets, the mix of loans and grants in its future financing arrangements, and the build-up of its repayment capacity relative to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and export and ... of the World Bank and IMF in February and March 2004 and by the Development Committee in April Following these discussions and endorsement of the general principles of the framework, a further...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... broad principles of the framework paper, the IDA paper developed the framework into a practical system for allocating grants under IDA 14 based on those aspects of the framework on which there ... judged by the absolute amount or PV of debt outstanding as a ratio with GDP, exports or government revenue The second is a weak institutional and policy environment in the country which makes it ... debt distress and the debt thresholds for the chosen indicators are policy decisions that need to be made Footnote 19 in “Debt Sustainability in Low Income Countries” by Mark Allen and Gobind Nankani,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... resources, safety nets; and poverty monitoring and analysis; and • Public sector management and institutions, including property rights and rule-based governance; quality of budgetary and financial management; ... including trade policy and foreign exchange regime; financial stability and depth; banking sector efficiency and resource mobilization; competitive environment for the private sector; factor and product ... criteria used and the CPIA for 2003 • Economic management, including management of inflation and the current account; fiscal policy; management of external debt; and management and sustainability...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... considerations raise questions of why countries with similar institutional and policy performance as judged by the CPIA and similar per capita income levels receive IDA allocations on different ... allocations thereby weakening the desired relationship between institutional capability and policy performance and the allocation of funds In view of this, IDA management has proposed an upfront ... charges and commitment fees) materialize and upfront charges for grants are levied (to replace foregone principal reflows) it would reduce the need to harden the credit terms for both IDA only and...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... considerations raise questions of why countries with similar institutional and policy performance as judged by the CPIA and similar per capita income levels receive IDA allocations on different ... allocations thereby weakening the desired relationship between institutional capability and policy performance and the allocation of funds In view of this, IDA management has proposed an upfront ... charges and commitment fees) materialize and upfront charges for grants are levied (to replace foregone principal reflows) it would reduce the need to harden the credit terms for both IDA only and...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... experience and little applied knowledge (e.g., institutional development, gender equality, and labor-intensive growth) The United Nations has a stronger mandate to work in the political arena and assess ... country’s strategy for mobilizing external resources Many of them are recognized and described in the Framework Paper and mentioned again in this paper to complete the description of the DSF There ... would be World Bank and/ or IMF supported stabilization programs They would normally call for reduced levels of borrowing on unaffordable terms, and for more concessional borrowing and grant financing...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... Conclusions and Recommendations 59 The framework summarized in the paper starts with a grouping of all low income countries in accordance with the performance of institutions and effectiveness ... credits and grants to low-income countries in ways that foster debt sustainability and achievement of the MDGs Recommendations also seek to address the need for borrowers to claim sufficient policy ... ratings and the inputs expected from and the involvement of national staff in the process There should be opportunities for the Bank to present their findings both to the country concerned and donor...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... single year from its earnings from goods and non-factor services c) Public debt outstanding to GDP or GNI ratio compares the total of domestic and external outstanding to the size of the economy Present ... proportion of exports of goods and non- factor services that are absorbed for debt service payments on both long and short-term debt Debt Burden Ratios a) The total debt outstanding to GDP or GNI ratio ... GNI ratio compares the amount of disbursed debt outstanding to the size of the economy b) The total debt outstanding to exports of goods and non-factor services ratio measures the ability of...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... commitment and public support and participatory processes through which the public can influence decisions Structural policies • Trade policy and foreign exchange regime How well the policy framework ... equal access to entry and exit in all products and sectors • Factor and product markets This item addresses the policies that affect the efficiency of markets for land, labor and goods Countries ... entry and banks’ total capital to assets ratio less than 8% Countries with high scores have diversified and competitive financial sectors that include insurance, equity and debt finance and non-bank...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... to meet the aggregate demand F (st ) : The aggregate demand is not known to the operator and it infers the aggregate 12 See Christiano, Motto, and Rostagno (2003, 2008, and 2010) for quantitative ... shocks and document that such news shocks are quantitatively important drivers of the business cycle ‡ uctuation in the U.S and in Japan (Fujiwara, Hirose, and Shintani 2009; and Schimitt-Grohé and ... of such noise using a framework of spread-adjusted Taylor rule Following Cúrdia and Woodford (2010) and Hirakata, Sudo, and Ueda (2011b), we de…ne a rule as a monetary policy rule that lowers...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 03:20

... Countries: Proposal for an Operational Framework and Policy Implications by Mark Allen and Gobind Nankani, IMF and IDA, February 3, 2004 Debt Sustainability and Financing Terms in IDA 14, IDA, June ... balance and payments and budgets, the mix of loans and grants in its future financing arrangements, and the build-up of its repayment capacity relative to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and export and ... resources, safety nets; and poverty monitoring and analysis; and • Public sector management and institutions, including property rights and rule-based governance; quality of budgetary and financial management;...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 03:20

... (L), and bonds (B), and fmances itself with deposits (D) and CDs (C) The bank seeks to maximize: (1) Max rLL + r8B - rC, where rL, r, and rc represent the interest rates on loans, bonds, and CDs ... patterns between shifts in policy and changes in lending and output Unfortunately, the observation that changes in monetary policy are followed by changes in both loan quantities and economic activity ... monetary policy operates through standard interest channels to depress economic activity and to reduce the demand for credit Consequently, there can be an induced correlation between activity and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/09/2013, 05:46

... Juniper® and Cisco Routing Policy and Protocols for Multivendor IP Networks Juniper® and Cisco Routing  Policy and Protocols for Multivendor IP Networks Walter ... Configuration L1_only3A and L1_only3B Configuration Viewing the Routing Table and Link-State Database L1/L2_3to1 Routing Table and Link-State Database L1_only3A and L1_only3B Routing Table and Link-State ... Routing Policy Notes Some Routing Policy Examples Regular Expressions and Routing Policy Chapter 16 IGP Routing Policies OSPF Routing Policies Setting Metrics on Redistributed Routes Type and Type...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 00:15

... Hướng đối tượng C# - Editor: Hướ đố tượ Editor: Đoàn Quang Minh Đoà Hàm tạo hàm hủy (Construction and Disposal) Hàm tạo (Construction) – Định nghĩa cú pháp: C++ – Khác biệt với C++: không nên khởi ... đối tượng C# - Editor: Hướ đố tượ Editor: Đoàn Quang Minh Đoà 10 Hàm tạo hàm hủy (Construction and Disposal) Hàm hủy (Disposal) – Không quan trọng C++, nhớ tự động quản lý thu gom rác – Nếu có...

Ngày tải lên: 12/12/2013, 22:15

... gói – Có thể bị ghi đè phiên C# kiến trúc NET C# kiế trú NET bả Editor: Đoàn Quang Minh Đoà .NET Framework Classes Các lớp cung cấp Microsoft, cho phép thực thi hầu hết tác vụ thường gặp – Các...

Ngày tải lên: 12/12/2013, 22:15

... describes what the policy achieves and any instructions as to how to apply the policy, and even circumstances where you shouldn’t apply the policy The Group Policy Editor The Group Policy Editor (GPE) ... removal policy (which kicks in when policy is removed), and so on Click Apply and then OK when you are done 4667-8 ch11.f.qc 5/15/00 2:01 PM Page 411 Chapter 11 ✦ Change Control and Policy and Workspace ... discuss the science and philosophy of change control and management 4667-8 ch11.f.qc 5/15/00 2:01 PM Page 375 Chapter 11 ✦ Change Control and Policy and Workspace Management Understanding Change Management...

Ngày tải lên: 21/12/2013, 05:18

... thức cần nhớ – Khái niệm ứng dụng Windows – Các form Windows Thiết kế form Thêm menu control khác Handle kiện Sử dụng hộp thoại dùng chung Ứng dụng thực tiễn – Xây dựng trình soạn thảo văn Summary ... Khái niệm ADO.NET – Kết nối với CSDL: lớp connection – Thực thi câu lệnh truy vấn CSDL: Lớp Commands: khai báo khởi tạo thủ tục quan trọng hay dùng: ExecuteNonQuery(), ExecuteReader(), ExecuteScalar()...

Ngày tải lên: 22/12/2013, 19:17