planning scheduling and control in the process industries

... contained in the material herein This book is printed on acid-free paper Printed in The Netherlands Contents Chapter Introduction Chapter Balancing in Process Industries 2.1 The ... and he can begin with Appendix C, Material and Energy Balancing in the Process Industries and with Appendix D before Chapter He will then perhaps better understand the complex nature of the processes ... the stream (12) Material and Energy Balancing in the Process Industries is problematic In the subsystem (4) arises the process off-gas which is further led to the subsystem (3) to be burned in...

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 10:15

... Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Robin Jenkins, DuPont Engineering and Research Technology, Wilmington, Delaware G Korevaar, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands; Institute ... making in applications across the process industries and related disciplines Topics include the design of industrial parks and synergistic industrial networks, mining, chemicals, water treatment, and ... ideas and insights on how to modify processes to direct them toward more sustainable deployment of technology within an industry SUSTAINABILITY METRICS, INDICATORS, AND INDICES FOR THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES...

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 16:26

... be much less widespread in the chemical and processing industries However, with the recent growing interest in the handling and processing of systems with high solids loadings, it is no longer ... “strain-hardening” Many materials including polymer melts and solutions thus exhibit shearthinning in simple shear and strain-hardening in uniaxial extension Except in the limit of vanishingly ... is the momentum in the x-direction per unit volume of the fluid and hence yx represents the momentum flux in the y-direction and the negative sign indicates that the momentum transfer occurs in the...

Ngày tải lên: 04/06/2014, 13:18

... on the one hand and by the notion projection from X-theory on the other hand The second problem was that there is no way of explicitly controlling the application of rules in free Mgrammars and ... of the basic expressions (basic meanings) the meaning of the rules (rule m e a n i n g s ) In Montague Grammar these meanings are expressed in intensional logic In the Rosetta system the meanings ... XPPROP and C L A U S E ) The fact that in X-theory the phrase markers of the resulting constituents are In the example of the smart girl / the girl that is 8mart the subgrammars for the projection...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 10:20

... pressure and temperature of the gas phase 4 Dust Explosions in the Process Industries Distributions of particle sizes and shapes in the dust, determining the specific surface area of the dust in the ... insulating plastic coating Due to the rubbing of the powder against the plastic, charge is accumulated on the internal face of the plastic coating The high mobility of the electrons in the steel ... increases with increasing charge-to-mass ratio in the powder, and increasing mass filling rate Lightning type discharge, which may in principle occur within an electrically insulating container with...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 13:20

... any, in the inert gas used, and v is the ratio of the volume of inert gas used in the flushing process, and the process volume flushed Leaks in the process equipment may cause air to enter the inerted ... dusts The design of gas inerting systems depends on whether the process is continuous or of the batch type, the strength of the process equipment and type and source of inert gas Two main principles ... when arriving, will become quenched In other industries than mining, adding inert dust is seldom applicable due to contamination and other problems It is nevertheless interesting to note the special...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 13:20

... cloud in the main space inside the mixer, and finally the main bulk of the powder in the mixer was thrown into suspension and ignited when the mixer ruptured, giving rise to a major explosion in the ... is the shear stress at the interface between the flowing gas and the powder surface, w is the kinematic viscosity of the gas and p the gas density The total boundary layer is then the sum of the ... indicator of the general oxygen level in the mixer It is highly probable that the oxygen concentration in the lower part of the mixer, and in particular in the space inside the tube surrounding...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 13:20

... experimentally The choice of the thermophysical properties of the fuel and oxidizer used in the theory, and the idealized assumptions implicit in the theoretical analysis could explain the quantitative ... arising during the heating process This was indicated by photographs of the particle surface at the time that the flame tongue appeared No influence of the incident heating flux density on the ... Explosions in the Process Industries tion higher, the heating and devolatilization processes will begin to control the combustion rate, i.e T d v > T ~ At conditions that give the highest burning velocities,...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 13:20

... reaches the turbulent unburnt cloud, the combustion rate increases This in turn increases the expansion rate of the combustion products and therefore also the 362 Dust Explosions in the Process Industries ... in coal mines, where the supporting structures of the mine galleries would seem to have the same type of turbulence increasing effect as the concentric rings in tubes (Fischer, 1957) In the process ... with the initial mass of air in the main vessel This causes a significant rise of the pressure in the main vessel once the dispersion air has been discharged into the main vessel In some investigations...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 13:20

... q = m is the order of the reaction, and Cf and CORthe concentration of fuel and oxygen in the reaction zone In the case where the fuel is non-depleting and q = 1, one gets: R c = kCoR The rate ... to the surroundings while the char remained in the layer, forming the second region of the combustion wave, the combustion zone Oxygen from the atmosphere diffused into this zone, oxidizing the ... Heemskerk (1984), using both isothermal and adiabatic test methods, investigated the relationship between the rate of self-heating in coal piles and the oxygen content in the atmosphere in the range 0-20...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 13:20

... for the flow system describing the venting process, assuming that all the pressure and heat energy was located to the left of the x - x line in Figure 6.24, and all the kinetic energy to the ... particles and molecules In the first case there will be no need for the coupling theory, because what is measured in the left-hand box is per definition what happens in the box to the right In the ... sweeping through the casing in which the bottle is contained A magnetic stirrer in the bottle ensures that the smouldering gas produced is mixed continuously with the main bulk of gas and air in the...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 13:20

... steps The first is the generation and initial heating of the metal particle by the impact The second is the ignition of the flying hot particle and the subsequent burning process The third is the ... determining the influence of the oxygen content in the atmosphere on the ignitability of dust clouds Perspex cylinder During this process the air that was originally in the Perspex cylinder leaks ... Full and partial inerting is discussed in Sections 1.3.6 and 1.4.3 in Chapter The possibility of dust explosions in process equipment can in principle be effectively eliminated by substituting the...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 13:20

... were in the grain industry, 17% in the textile industry 12% in the coal industry and 6% in the metallurgical industry With the rapid development of the chemical and metallurgical industries, the ... l , u) continued I Appendix 615 continued 16 Dust Explosions in the Process Industries Table A l , a > Table A l , continued Appendix 617 61 continued Dust Explosions in the Process Industries ... I , continued Appendix 619 620 Dust Explosions in the Process Industries Table A l , continued + I Table A l , continued Appendix 621 I s m continued 622 Dust Explosions in the Process industries...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 13:20

... can sustain; (d) conserving and restoring ecosystem health and maintaining biodiversity; (e) maintaining the economic viability of systems for industry, trade, and commerce; (f) coordinating design ... Industrial Ecology the process The advantages include total suppression of conventional plating waste, smaller inventory of zinc, better process control of the quality and thickness of the zinc ... is an ideal process for managing certain organic hazardous wastes The burning of organic hazardous wastes as supplemental fuel in the cement and other industries is their engineering approach...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 18:20

... In a combined effort, the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, together with the Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, are in the process of developing ... straight line Locate the two points on the graph that are separated by the vertical 50% mortality line and read the LC50 at the intersect of the two lines Expression and interpretation of the toxicity ... al These screening tests should be useful for pinpointing the source of toxicants entering the wastewater treatment plant The second category involves the use of these toxicity assays in process...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 18:20

... conducted by industries using PCBs in processes and products and discharging the PCBcontaining waste into rivers and streams Other PCB-containing waste was disposed of in landfills When used in transformers ... breathing of contaminated air; and (c) ingestion, eating contaminated materials such as soil, food, or drinking water contaminated by dioxin In assessing these three routes, control of the physical ... geologists, industrial hygienists, chemists, etc.) in their decision-making process when managing, handling, and/ or treating hazardous substances In the past 25 years, industry, government, and the general...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 18:20

... Other Chemical Industries The hazardous substances contained in solid, liquid, or gaseous wastes may include products from the pesticide and pharmaceutical industries The paint and textile industries ... used for the bioremediation of sites heavily polluted by a variety of xenobiotics The main problem in these applications is maintaining the stability of the plasmids in these strains Other technological ... biodegradation of odors and toxic gases such as hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur-containing gases from the exhaust ventilation air in industry and farming Industrial ventilation air containing formaldehyde,...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 18:20

... knowing the sources and the amounts of water and contaminants and continuously monitoring them, then reducing the amounts by in- plant operating and equipment changes There are many ways in a ... into those that are in greater demand Cracking and combining processes belong to the class of conversion processes Cracking processes include thermal cracking and catalytic cracking, which convert ... drum in one direction or the other During rotary drilling, a fluid called drilling mud is pumped down the drill pipe It flows out of the openings in the bit and then back up between the pipe and the...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 18:20

... two main components: the active ingredient or surfactant, and the builder The processes discussed in the following will include the manufacture and processing of the surfactant as well as the preparation ... According to Nemerow [38] and Wang and Krofta [39], the origin of major wastes is in washing and purifying soaps and detergents and the resulting major pollutants are high BOD and certain soaps ... detail in the following sections The details of the process design criteria for these unit treatment processes can be found in any design handbooks 7.6.1 In- Plant Control and Recycle Significant in- plant...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 18:20

... of the weight of the warp) The main problem resulting from the desizing step is the high load in COD found in the polymer-containing effluent Table summarizes the COD and biological oxygen demand ... that results in degradation of the thickener and lowering of the viscosity of the printing paste Generally, any release of printing pastes into the wastewater should be avoided, and in many countries ... portion of the printing paste is required for the filling of the printing machine Depending on the coverage factor of a pattern, approximately 55 –80% of the paste is used for printing, while...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 18:20