padding spacing and alignment

... as above, and each Jaso has its own correction candidates For example, Jaso ‘ㅇ’ at 4th column has its candidates ‘ㅎ’, ‘ㄴ’ and ‘X’ And two jaso’s ‘Xㅋ’ at 13th and 14th column has its candidates ... correction candidates Candidates are increased in number by inserting the blank characters on the created candidates, which cover the spacing error correction candidates We find the best candidate ... word spacing and spelling errors simultaneously for Korean To our best knowledge, this is the first model which can handle inter-related errors between spacing and spelling in Korean The usage and...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... boxes and L1, L2 and L3 denote the first, second and third lac operator sites The distance in bp between each site is given (B) Schematic map of plasmid d35 with the shortest distance between L1 and ... salt Lanes and show naked DNA digestion patterns, and lanes 3–8 represent chromatin R3 is absent in lanes 1, 3, and 6, whereas chromatin was assembled at 50 mM salt for lanes 1–4, and at 70 mM ... assembled at 90 and 110 mM salt concentrations Naked DNA (lanes and 5) and chromatin assembled in the absence or presence of R3 protein are shown R3 was added to lanes 2, 3, and (C) IEL analysis...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 10:20

... segmentation for alignment (Chung and Gildea, 2009; Habash and Sadat, 2006), we find that the best segmentation for alignment does not coincide with the gold-standard segmenta896 tion and our bilingual ... translation models used only ti for Hebrew and ATB and ti and µi−1 for Arabic Word boundary was predicted using ti in Arabic and Hebrew, and additionally using bi−1 and bi−2 for ATB The unconstrained ... difference between and ai−1 + and is similar to information used in other HMM word alignment models (Och and Ney, 2000) as well as phrasetranslation models (Koehn, 2004) The alignment positions...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 00:20

... manner, and incorporating alignment- based features into the CCG parser (Clark and Curran, 2007) is also a viable possibility some of the variables ( j and k in rules (i) and (iii), and j, k, and ... NP-COOD and VP-COOD Among coordinations annotated with COOD tags, we selected those surrounding and, ” “or,” and “but.” This yielded 3598 coordinations (2997, 355, and 246 for and, ” “or,” and “but,” ... semantic similarity calculated from a large text collection, and agreement of numbers between n1 and n2 and between n1 and n3 Nakov and Hearst (2005) collected web-based 968 COORD COORD CJT N...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 16:21

... 1 Use live layout and alignment guides Click the image below and drag it around the page With images that have text wrapping, the text ... reading Edit PDF content in Word Open PDFs and edit the content in Word Edit paragraphs, lists, and tables just like familiar Word documents Take the content and make it look great Download this helpful ... right to check out comments about this text Learn more at office.com Insert Online Pictures and Video Add and play online videos inside your Word documents Add your pictures from online photo services...

Ngày tải lên: 14/05/2014, 15:49

... (iii ) Figure 2: Crossing, nesting and alignments of two edges The numbers of crossings, nestings and alignments of two edges in π will be denoted by cr(π), ne(π) and al(π), respectively For the ... preserving the type of partitions and number of alignments, and exchanging the numbers of crossings and nestings In other words, for each π ∈ Πn , we have λ(π) = λ(ϕ(π)) and al(ϕ(π)) = al(π), cr(ϕ(π)) ... let cr(π; j) (resp ne(π; j) and al(π; j)) be the number of crossings (resp nestings and alignments) whose initial (resp interior and initial) edge has j as the right-hand endpoint Clearly cr(π)...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 13:21

... and constant support during this work I am also thankful to Shao and Jeroen for their guidance through the early years of chaos and confusion And the close cooperation from A/Prof Ge Ruowen and ... Grooves and Ridges Cell speed Comparison on Different Structure Movement on Smooth Muscle Cell Pattern Discussion and Summary of Cell Motility and alignment ... Introduction 1.1 Tissue Engineering and 3D Scaffolds 1.2 Endothelial Cells and Angiogenesis 1.3 Understanding Angiogenesis Physically and Biologically 1.4 Chapter Outline...

Ngày tải lên: 26/11/2015, 12:55

... f1 and e2 , f2 from Phier , and concatenate them into a single phrase pair e1 e2 , f1 f2 635 Figure 1: A word alignment (a), and its derivations according to FLAT (b), and HIER (c) Solid and ... perform weight tuning and testing on specified development and test sets We compare the accuracy of our proposed method of joint phrase alignment and extraction using the FLAT, HIER and HLEN models, ... For GIZA ++, we use the standard training regimen up to Model 4, and combine alignments with grow-diag-final -and For the proposed models, we train for 100 iterations, and use the final sample acquired...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 04:20

... words) and to compare the generated alignment against manual alignment of the same data at the level of links Manual alignments are represented by two sets: Probable (P ) alignments and Sure (S) alignments, ... given alignment Once we generate the set of phrases PA and PG that are consistent with a given alignment A and a manual alignment G, respectively, we compute precision (Pr), recall (Rc), and CPER ... Evaluation of Alignments Our goal is to compare different alignments and to investigate how their characteristics affect the MT systems We evaluate alignments in terms of precision, recall, alignment...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 11:21

... sparseness and worse accuracy in word alignment The results in table also show the difference in performance between the multilingual alignmentmethod and the syntax-based method The monolingual alignment- based ... and sentence splitting Additional linguistic processing such as lemmatisation and multi-word unit detection might help to improve the alignment but this is not part of the present study The alignment ... asymmetric and several heuristics exist to combine directional word alignments to improve alignment accuracy We believe, that precision is more crucial than recall in our approach and, therefore,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... messages and beliefs (me and be ) , but the process ij i must also be done symmetrically for the Frenchside messages and beliefs (mf and bf ) at every ij i iteration 0- Initialize all messages and ... described by: e and f (the sentences themselves), a (the word alignment giving us the underlying bag of concept), se and sf (the sets of P-sets on each side of the sentence) and as (the P-set alignment ... comparison with a wellknown and state-of-the-art system, we also used the GIZA++ program (Och and Ney, 1999) to align the same data We tried alignments in both direction and provide the results for...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 02:20

... structure, aims and learning objectives How the Toolkit Can Be Used for Teaching and Learning 21 Learning Activities 24 Chapter Structure and Organizational Alignment for Monitoring and Evaluation ... Evaluation and Research 372 5.1 372 The Timing of Evaluation and Research Design 5.2 Developing TORs for an Evaluation 5.3 Ethical Standards in Evaluation and Research 373 5.4 372 Using Evaluation and ... Open-Ended and Closed Questions 299 Table C8-3: Advantages of Open-Ended and Closed Questions 300 Table C8-4: Pitfalls and Sources of Biases when Conducting a Survey, and How to Handle Them 301...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 00:22

... should be substituted Alignment forests and alignment Alignment is the process of determining if and how a translation model generates a source, target string pair To compute an alignment under a ... generic addition and multiplication operation, ⊕ and ⊗, and their identities and Multiplication and addition must be associative Multiplication must distribute over addition, and v ⊗ The design ... computation over the alignment hypergraph (refer to Figures and 2) The conditional log likelihood is the difference in the log partition of the translation and alignment hypergraph, and is computed...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... & St Onge (1998) [HSO], and two corpusbased measures: Latent Semantic Analysis [LSA] (Landauer and Dumais, 1997) and Explicit Seman756 tic Analysis [ESA] (Gabrilovich and Markovitch, 2007) Briefly, ... we also compute several alignmentbased scores by applying various transformations to the input graphs, the node matching function, and the alignment score itself The first and simplest transformation ... the full suite of BOW measures, the alignment scores, and the hybrid model The terms “normalized”, “unnormalized”, and “both” indicate which subset of the alignment features were used to train...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... L1, shown by arrows, and an alignment score In step 2, the square brackets move right by one word, we can obtain a new matching L2 and its corresponding alignment score, and so on When we have ... Asymmetric Alignment Algorithm The asymmetric alignment method can avoid the mistakes made in the NER process and give an explicit alignment matching We will compare the asymmetric alignment algorithm ... asymmetric alignment method which align the Chinese ON with an English sentence directly and then extract the English fragment with the largest alignment score as the equivalent The asymmetric alignment...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 00:20

... get the word alignment results shown in table For all of the methods in this table, we perform bi-directional (source to target and target to source) word alignment, and obtain two alignment results ... methods 4.1 Word Alignment Model The first is the word alignment model, which is taken as a learner in the boosting algorithm The word alignment model is built using both the labeled data and the unlabeled ... as described in Och and Ney (2000) Thus, we get two sets of alignment results A1 and A2 on the unlabeled data Based on these two sets, we use a modified "refined" method (Och and Ney, 2000) to...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 02:21

... compute recall and precision at the sentence level instead of the alignment level Assuming the alignment A = {al, a , , am} and the reference Ar = {arl, a t , , am}, with = (asi, ati) and arj ... (s2, t3)} and A~ = {(sl, tl), (s2, t2), (s2, t3)} Sentencelevel recall and precision for this example are therefore 2/3 = 0.66 and respectively, as compared to the alignment- level recall and precision, ... segments S = {Sl, s2, , Sn} and T = { t l , t , , t m } , an alignment A between S and T can be defined as a subset of the Cartesian product ~(S) x p(T), where p(S) and p(T) are respectively...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 05:21

... 1995; Fung and McKeown, 1997) and compositional analysis (Daille and Morin, 2008) Symbolic, statistical, and hybrid techniques have been implemented for bilingual lexicon extraction (Morin and Prochasson, ... a gold standard of comparable corpora for 11 language pairs (Skadiņa et al., 2010) The gold standard consists of news articles, legal documents, knowledge-base articles, user manuals, and medical ... word alignment using GIZA++ (Och and Ney, 2000) on parallel corpora For each word in the source language, the top two translation candidates (based on the word alignment probability in GIZA++)...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 20:20

... introduces four word alignment methods, and the algorithm of computing intersection word alignment for all four word alignment methods Section describes the experiments setting and results on two ... compute inverse word alignment, and using longest matched prefix (LMP) for computing direct word alignment, as in Equation (4) S (e′j , ei ) = Intersection word alignment and its expansion In ... (4) 2) When two word alignments are ready, we start from the intersection of the two word alignments, and then continuously add new links between backbone and hypothesis if and only if both of...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 01:20

... between bandwidth and largeur de bande can be obtained through the edge linking these two units (type 1), or through two edges, one from bandwidth to largeur de bande., and one from bandwidth ... words, and l~ the number of English ones, where P(a,e~,f~) is the probability of observing the alignment a together with the English and French sentences, es and f~, and (a,e,f)~ -1 is a shorthand ... two edges from bandwidth to largeur and bande (type 3), secondly, there may be conflicts between connections: in figure both largeur de bande and tdldcommunications are linked to bandwidth even...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 07:20