oxide growth and deposition 43

... Pulsed-laser deposition One of the most significant approaches to oxide film growth is pulsed-laser deposition Pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) is now a widely used deposition approach for film deposition, ... useful in obtaining epitaxial oxide films such as liquid phase epitaxy [9] and solid phase epitaxy Pulsed-laser deposition is the main method for our oxide film growth, and will be discussed in details ... fabricate and characterize oxide films with a focus on the ones we used in our thesis (how we grow and identify their quality) Chapter details the selective growth of single-oriented (220), (200) and...

Ngày tải lên: 07/10/2015, 10:10

... metal–Si eutectic alloy is the key point of the MC-VLS growth of SiNWs and the growth temperature is dependent on the metal catalyst As Au and Si can form an eutectic alloy as low as 363 °C [9], ... a thin silicon oxide layer covering the Au particle tips During growth, the arriving silicon atoms have to diffuse through the thin oxide layer to reach the Au particle Thus, the growth temperature ... super-saturation, Si will separate out at the interface and grow epitaxially on the Si substrate Silicon oxide will flow over the Au particle surface and form a layer sheathing the SiNW The diameter...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 15:06

... wire in an oxygen atmosphere, and the growth of WO3 was observed by environmental TEM and HRTEM In particular, the initial and the middle growth were observed The growth mechanism involving the ... 800°C, the wire expanded However, the wire had an amorphous oxide layer on the surface The thermal expansion coefficients of tungsten and amorphous tungsten oxide are about 4.5 × 10-6 and 12 × 10-6 ... that of the amorphous oxide layer when the tungsten wire is heated Tungsten oxide has a hardness of between and GPa at around 800°C [10], but the layer is fractured and thin and it is expected that...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 17:20

... thin film growth 29 3.1.2 Chemical bath deposition for porous film growth 30 3.1.3 Anodization, electrodeposition and oxidation for nanowire growth 31 3.2 Materials and Devices ... were employed to optimize and improve both thin film and nanostructure growth Importantly, for the thin film growth, chemical bath deposition (CBD) with various post -deposition annealing temperatures ... scholarship and various education and conference allowances during my candidature Last but not least, I wish to express my love and gratitude to my beloved parents and wife for their endless love and...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 10:07

... phases, defects and random distribution of magnetic impurities Inhomogeneity and disorder affect the transport and response of the system to external excitations such as electrical and magnetic ... 94 C N R Rao and F L Deepak, “Absence of ferromagnetism in Mn- and Co-doped ZnO”, J Mater Chem 15, 573 (2005) 95 R C Budhani, P Pant, R K Rakshit, K Senapati, S Mandal, N K Pandey, and J Kumar, ... Cho, and S Y Jeong, “A study of magnetic and optical properties of Cu-doped ZnO”, Phys Stat Sol (b) 241, 1533 (2004) 133 K Ando, H Saito, V Zayets, and M C Debnath, “Optical properties and functions...

Ngày tải lên: 12/09/2015, 08:18

... different deposition methods, it is found that the structural and physical properties of Co-doped ZnO oxides were strongly dependent on the growth conditions, dopant types, and post -deposition ... like ferromagnetic Co, CoZn and ZnCo2O4, with Tc of 1373 K ,43 468 K44 and 45 K 45respectively, and also antiferromangetic CoO and Co3O4 with Neel temerature 291 K46 and 40K47 respectively The ... Chapter Cobalt doped zinc oxide 2.3.2.1 Growth conditions For every growth method, fine-tuning of the growth conditions is crucial to obtain films with good homogeneity and reproducible properties...

Ngày tải lên: 12/09/2015, 08:18

... Lyanda-Geller, N Samarth, and B Nadgorny, “Andreev reflection and pair-breaking effects at the superconductor/magnetic semiconductor interface”, Phys Rev B 72, 054510 (2005) 24 G Deutscher and ... same sample had also been used to measure the MR and dynamic conductance curves As shown in Fig.3-1, contacts and were current probes, and 3, 4, and were voltage probes (V3,4, V5,6: longitudinal ... point contacts by Andreev reflections”, Appl Phys Lett 76, 487 (2000) 25 A Frydman and R C Dynes, “Disorder-induced Andreev reflections in granular metals”, Phys Rev B 59, 8432 (1999) 101 ...

Ngày tải lên: 12/09/2015, 08:18

... that the film consists of mainly Coincorporated ZnO and/ or Zn-incorporated CoO because the valence state of Co in ZnCo2O4 and Co3O4 was 3+ and 4+, and that in Co clusters was 0, respectively In comparison, ... ZnO and assigned it to ligand valence band to metal charge transfer transitions Qiu et al had observed an abnormal bandgap narrowing in ZnO:Co nanorods with x = ~ 0.1 and attributed it to lattice ... epitaxial ZnO thin films”, J Cryst Growth 214/215, 55 (2000) T A Schaedler, A S Gandhi, M Saito, M Ruhle, R Gambino, and C G Levi, “Extended solubility of CoO in ZnO and effects on magnetic properties”,...

Ngày tải lên: 12/09/2015, 08:18

... at (a) and (b) 300 K respectively and for δ-doped Co98s ([ZnO:Al (2.38 nm)/Co(1.0 nm)]×60) measured at 425 and 756 nm at (c) and (d) 300 K respectively 143 Chapter Magnetic properties and its ... measured by SQUID and AHE and not those taken at d-d transition 142 Chapter Magnetic properties and its origins wavelengths As the photon energy of 2.92 eV was close to the bandgap of CoO, it ... was dominant Figures 5-9(a) and (b) showed the MCD hysteresis curves of sample Co 32 W obtained at different photon energies, 756, 425, 343 and 325 nm (1.64, 2.92, 3.61 and 3.83 eV), which was also...

Ngày tải lên: 12/09/2015, 08:19

... become increasingly aligned and large s-d interaction would lead to a splitting of the conduction band into spin-up and spin-down sub-bands The spin splitting of conduction band enhanced electron- ... Yang, C L Chien, and J M Byers, “Andreev reflections at metal/superconductor point contacts: Measurement and analysis”, Phys Rev B 63, 104510 (2001) 17 R Mélin and S Peysson, “Crossed Andreev reflection ... Phys Rev B 59, 8432 (1999) 20 G Deutscher, “Crossed Andreev reflections”, J Superconductivity 15, 43 (2002) 21 D Beckmann, H B Weber, and H V Lohneysen, “Evidence for crossed Andreev reflection...

Ngày tải lên: 12/09/2015, 08:19

... This study will be able to determine if defects and carrier concentrations are dependent on growth and post -growth treatment, allowing better understanding on the origin of the magnetic properties ... structurally and magnetically The main ferromagnetic contributors for the films include Co clusters and uncompensated spins in antiferromagentic clusters like CoO and ZnCoO The 190 Chapter Conclusions and ... magnetic moment, coercivity and resistivity, and observation of anomalous Hall effect The secondary phases observed included both hexagonal and cubic CoO, ZnCo2O4, and Co3O4 The origin of ferromagnetism...

Ngày tải lên: 12/09/2015, 08:19

... sensors and generator, acoustic wave devices, light emitting diodes and solar cells This work studies the growth of ZnO nanorods and films in aqueous solution using zinc acetate and ammonium hydroxide ... identified and associated with the growth conditions When growth pH < PZC, the growth rate is very slow and hydrogen defects are the major defects with very strong UV emissions When growth pH ... nucleation and growth, growth can be achieved over a wide range of conditions and precursor concentrations The opposite is true for aqueous chemical growth methods which have a small driving force and...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:26

... nasogastric route to SCD children with growth retardation (weight and height ,5th centile) led to a rapid and sustained increase in growth and a reduction of pain crises and episodes of infection.15 The ... levels and chronic anaemia are associated with hyperdynamic circulation and deterioration of cardiopulmonary function This increases workload and, consequently, the demand for energy and nutrients ... clinical presentation and growth parameters, use of blood transfusion, therapeutic interventions, micronutrient status and other nutritional and endocrine assessments, and haemoglobin genotype...

Ngày tải lên: 12/02/2014, 19:20

... economic growth at high employment and reasonably stable prices, increased productivity and living standards, greater and more equal opportunity for every citizen, and an improved quality of life ... stronger growth, and rising standards of living, while society will benefit from less crime, enhanced schools, and children who are better prepared to participate in democratic processes and K-12 ... crime costs and 36 to 77 cents in school savings.2 • Contribute to long-term economic growth and development for states and the nation Preschool programs would boost long-term economic growth; by...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 20:20

... since 2000 and funding wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and providing assistance to favored countries like Israel, Pakistan, Ethiopia, and Georgia to name a few and running up huge trade and budget ... Relationships include the relations between the employee and employer, banks and their creditors and debtors, corporations and governments and the vender and the consumer etc The people of the country ... Britain, Netherlands, France, etc first set up trading posts along the coast lines and islands of Africa, Asia and Americas They then built forts and armies, acquired territories and finally became...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 14:20

... and conference participants for useful comments and discussion and Bilyana Bogdanova, Pablo Garcia, Jimmy Shek and Jhuvesh Sobrun for research assistance Authors are members of the Monetary and ... between Asia in the mid-1990s and Asia in the 2000s, but also between eastern Europe and Latin America, on the one hand, and Asia now Compared to emerging Europe and Latin America, in Asia the ... just half that pace Hong Kong SAR, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines also saw faster growth of dollar credit But Thailand’s 1,000%plus growth was from a tiny base, underscoring how these...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 04:21

... instrument, especially at time of stress and in the context of a dollarized economy (Leon and Quispe, 2010) Using data for Brazil, Evandro and Takeda (2011) and Glocker and Towbin (2012b) have analyzed ... exchange risk in on- and offbalance sheet foreign-exchangedenominated assets and liabilities Measure to facilitate capital outflows and ease pressure on the currency, domestic demand, and consumer prices ... growth (rhs) Policy rate change Colombia credit growth (rhs) 30 10 10 2009.01 35 20 20 2005.01 2007.01 40 400 400 35 25 18 25 20 Annual credit growth and change in policy rate (Basis points and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 04:21

... beauties” (Albania and Romania, and lately the Czech and Slovak Republics) seem to have woken up, while in “late risers” (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro, and Lithuania), real growth of ... Bulgaria, Estonia, and Lithuania; horizontal exchange rate bands in Hungary and Slovenia; fixed exchange rates in Latvia, Macedonia, and Ukraine; crawling bands in Belarus and Romania; and tightly managed ... future risks and returns Risks of contagion and owner’s obligation and ability to control such risks Quality of data (transparency) and of supervision and regulation of markets and institutions...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 08:20

... nancial and economic stability (Borio and Lowe 2002) Times of prosperity which are fueled by easy credit and rising debt are typically followed by lengthy periods of deleveraging and subdued growth ... Shiller (1981) and LeRoy and Porter (1981) have shown that stock prices See, for example, Roxburgh, et al (2012) Examples include Iacoviello (2005), Iacoviello and Neri (2010), and Walentin and Sellin ... imperfect 12 See, for example, Kannan, Rabanal and Scott (2009), Angelini, Neri, and Panetta (2010), Christensen and Meh (2011), and Lambertini, Mendicino and Punzi (2011) then, the over-accumulation...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 08:20

... Ministry of Trade and Industry Ministry of Women and Children’s Affairs Ministry of Youth and Sports Ministry of Roads and Highways Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Motor and Traffic Transport ... settlements and rural development and management ; and water, environmental sanitation and hygiene 7.0 Human Development, Productivity and Employment 7.1 Human Development The acquisition and application ... resources such as land, labour, technology, capital/finance and information; • Expanding access to potable water and sanitation, health, housing and education; • Ensuring the safety of life and property;...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 04:20