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Dictionary of Engineering Second Edition ppt
... McGraw-Hill Dictionary ofEarth Science Second Edition McGraw-HillNew York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London MadridMexico ... McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Earth Science provides a compendium of more than10,000 terms that are central to the broad range of disciplines comprisingearth science. The coverage in this Second Edition ... this Dictionary is important for an appreciation of its literature andapplications.All of the definitions are drawn from the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific andTechnical Terms, Sixth Edition...
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Dictionary of Engineering - Second Edition doc
... vı¯bra¯иshənsəpreshиən} əlиəst }8 How to Use the Dictionary ALPHABETIZATION. The terms in the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering, Second Edition, are alphabetized on a letter-by-letter basis; ... McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering provides a compendium of more than18,000 terms that are central to the various branches of engineering and relatedfields of science. The coverage in this Second Edition ... mathematical, engineering, and scientific data.It is the editors’ hope that the Second Edition of the McGraw-Hill Dictionary ofEngineering will serve the needs of scientists, engineers, students,...
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Routledge Dictionary of Economics Second edition phần 1 potx
... Developmentâ 2002 Donald Rutherford Routledge Dictionary of Economics Second edition The most informative dictionary of economics available, the Routledge Dictionary ofEconomics avoids the tendency ... capacity and K is thecapital stock in year t.â 2002 Donald Rutherford Routledge Dictionary ofEconomics Second edition Donald RutherfordLondon and New Yorkâ 2002 Donald Rutherford intheChinesecurrency,therenminbi.2Usuallyanon-votingshareoftheequitycapitalofaUKcompany.Theseshareshavebeencreatedtoenablethefoundersofacompanytoretaincon-trol.AsharestradeatlowerpricesthanBsharesastheyareuselesstoothercompaniesattemptingtogaincontrolofthecompany.GraduallytheseshareshavebeenaccordedvotingrightsastheLondonStockExchangeregardsthemasunfair.AsianDevelopmentBank(G2)Bankfoundedin1966withcapitalprovidedbyAsiancountries,theUSA,Canada,theUKandWestGermanyontherecommendationoftheUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforAsiaandtheFarEast.Itcovershalfoftheworldspopulation.ItisbasedinManilla,thePhilippines,andisdominatedbytheJapanese,thelargestcontributorofitscapital.Itsconserva-tivelendingpolicyhaschieflyfavouredloansforspecificprojects,e.g.tobuildports,roadsandbridges,ratherthansectorallendingtorestructuretroubledeconomies.Ithasincreaseditslendingtotheprivatesectorandhasajointventurewithcommercialbanks,theAsianFinanceandInvestmentCor-poration(AFIC).Asianoption(G1)ADERIVATIVEsettledincashwhosepay-offisrelatedtotheaveragepriceoftheunderlyingassetinacertaintimeperiod.Alsoknownasanaverageoption.Asiaticmodeofproduction(P0)Themostprimitiveformofproduction,accordingtoMARX,inwhichself-sufficientagriculturalcommunitiesaredespoticallygoverned.Thestate,throughtaxation,appropriatestheeconomicsurplusoftheagriculturalsectortofinancethebuildingofthecountrysinfrastructure.Thecon-ceptwasdevelopedinthe1950sand1960stoexaminemoreaspectsofstateforma-tionandtheformationofclassesinprimitivecommunities.ReferencesKrader,L.(1975)TheAsiaticModeofProduction,Assen,TheNetherlands:VanGorcum.Marx,K.(1964)Pre-capitalistEconomicFormations,ed.E.Hobsbawm,London:Lawrence&Wishart.OLeary,B.(1989)TheAsiaticModeofProduction:OrientalDespotism,Histor-icalMaterialismandIndianHistory, Oxford: BasilBlackwell.askprice(G0)ThesellingpriceofaSECURITYsetbyafinancialinstitution.Seealso:bidpriceasset(D0,G0)1Aresourcewithamarketvalue.2Aunitofwealthcapableofearninganincome.3Alargeenoughestatetodischargetheburdenonanheirorexecutor.Real(ortangible)assetsincludelandandmachinery;intangibleassetsincludegood-willandpatents;financialassetsincludecashandstockmarketsecurities.Seealso:nationalwealth;wealthassetcard(G1)ADEBITCARD.assetmotive(E4)Amotiveforholdingmoney.Toavoidriskyinvestments,peoplearepreparedtosacrificehighreturnsbykeepingtheirportfoliosinaliquidornear-liquidform.Seealso:speculativedemandformoneyassetspecificity(G0)Theuniquecharacterofadurableasset,e.g.amachine,askilledworkeroraproductionsite,whichmeansthatithasalowreturninotheruses.FormanyspecificassetsthecostofemployingthemisinthenatureofaSUNKCOST.Seealso:economicrent;transferearningsâ ... givenpreference, they have little impact onfreeing trade as the major items (about95 per cent of trade) are excludedfrom the list. ASEAN hopes by theyear 2000 to free most of the intra-association...
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Routledge Dictionary of Economics Second edition phần 2 doc
... Proxymeasuresofutility,e.g.theamountofmoneywhichapersonispreparedtogiveuptoobtainxamountofagood,haveallbeenconsideredtooindirect.Seealso:ordinalutility;revealedprefer-ences;utilityReferencesMajumdar,T.(1961)TheMeasurementofUtility,LondonandNewYork:Mac-millan.carer(I3)Anunpaidfamilyworkerwhoprovidesnursinganddomesticcaretoyoung,in-firmorelderlyrelatives.Moralobligationisthebasisforundertakingthiswork.CaribbeanBasinInitiative(F0)Anarrangementagreedin1984togiveexportsofcountriesoftheCaribbeanregiontariff-freeaccesstotheUSA.CaribbeanCommunity(F0)Acommonmarketwithagriculturalandindustrialintegrationfoundedin1973insuccessiontotheCaribbeanFreeTradeArea(1968–73).ThemembersareAngu-illa,Antigua,Barbados,Belize,Dominica,Grenada,Guyana,Jamaica,Montserrat,StKitts-Nevis,StLucia,StVincent,Trini-dadandTobago.CaribbeanDevelopmentBank(G2)DEVELOPMENTBANKfoundedin1970con-sistingofseventeenmembercountriesfromtheCaribbeanregionaswellasCanadaandtheUK.caringsociety(D6,P0)seealtruism;welfarestatecarry-back,carry-forwardsystem(H2)Ataxsystemwhichpermitsbusinessestocarrynetoperatinglossesbackorforwardagainstpastorfuturegainsinincomeorcapitalappreciation.carryingcapacity(J1)Theabilityofaparticularareatosustainapopulationataspecifiedlevelofsubsis-tence,usuallyspecifiedasthenumberofpersonsperunitofland.cartalist(E4)Apersonbelievingthatthevalueofacurrencydependsonthepoweroftheissuingauthorityandnotonitsintrinsicvalueoritsconvertibilityintogold.Seealso:BankingSchool;fiatmoney;metallistcarte ... ReferencesSmith,A.(1776)TheWealthofNations,ed.R.H.CampbellandA.S.Skinner,BookV,ch.II,PartII ,Oxford: Clar-endonPress,1976.Cantilloneffect(E4)Thedifferentialimpactofanincreaseinthemoneysupply.Asdifferentrecipientsofextracashhavedifferentusesforit,therewillbeachangeintherelativedemandfor,andrelativepricesof,goodsandservices.Therateofinterestwillfalliftherecipientsoftheextramoneysaveandinvest.Cantillon,Richard,c.1680–c.1734(B3)Irish-bornbankerandeconomistwhospentmuchofhislifeinFrancewherehemadealargepersonalfortuneafterthecollapseofJohnLAW’sMississippiCom-pany.Hiswritingsoneconomics,otherthantheEssaisurlaNatureduCommerceenGe´ne´ral,appeartohaveperishedwithhimwhenhishouseinAlbemarleStreet,London,wasburntdown.HisremarkableEssaishowedhiskeenreadingofseveraleconomists,includingPETTY,andhisim-mensepracticalknowledgeofbanking.InmanysensesheanticipatedQUESNAYandotherPHYSIOCRATSbysettingoutamodeloftheeconomywithvillages,markettownsandcitiesengagedinmutualex-changes.Also,hepowerfullyexplainedtheroleoftheENTREPRENEURineconomicactivity,withamoreplausibleexplanationthanSmith’sINVISIBLEHANDpostulate.Hisanalysisofexchangerates,openmarketoperationsandthebankcreditmultipliergiveshisworkamodernfocus.ReferencesCantillon,R.(1755)EssaisurlaNatureduCommerceenGe´ne´ral,Englishtrans.H.Higgs,London:Macmillan,fortheRoyalEconomicSociety,1931.Murphy,A.E.(1986)RichardCantillon:EntrepreneurandEconomist ,Oxford: ClarendonPress.cap(E4,G1)Themaximuminterestratepaidonafloatingratesecuritybyitsissuer.Thesellergivesfundstocoverinterestpay-mentsoveraspecifiedrate.Alsoappliestoanadjustableratemortgage.Seealso:collar;floorcapacity(D2,E4)1Themaximumoutputthatafirmoranationaleconomycanproducefromitsexistingsupplyoffactorsofproduction.Afirmcanincreaseitscapacitybyen-largingitslabourforceoritscapitalstock.2Themaximumamountofmoneywhichafinancialinstitutioncanlend.Seealso:capitalutilizationcapacitycharge(D4,M2)Acomponentofthepriceofthegoodsorservicesofpublicenterpriseswhichisexpectedtocoverthecostsoffixedcapital.capacityratio(J2)seevolumeratiocapacityutilization(D0,E0)Theratiooftheactualoutputofafirm,industryornationaleconomytoitsmax-imumoutputatapointintime.Thisratiowillfluctuatecyclically.Ahighdegreeofutilizationwillbeasignalformorenetinvestment.Seealso:acceleratorprinciple;tradecyclecapital(D0, ... Lon-don: Methuen.Hollander, S. (1987) Classical Economics, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.O’Brien, D.P. (1975) The Classical Econo-mists, Oxford: Clarendon Press.classical model (E1)A formal macroeconomic...
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Routledge Dictionary of Economics Second edition phần 3 pps
... relativefreedom to develop a variety of financialinstruments, unlike theMONO-BANKS ofSoviet-type economies whose role waslimited through subservience to a systemof central planning.The Second ... andunfilledvacancies.Indicatorsofout-putshowthegrowthofproductionofprincipalindustries;indicatorsofexternaltradeincludeindicesofexportandimportvolume,thevisibleandcurrentbalancesandthetermsoftradeplusthesizeoftheofficialreserves;financialindicatorsin-cludechangesinvariousmeasuresoftheMONEYSUPPLY.Inflationindicatorsincludethoseforretailprices,basicmaterialsandwholesalepricesofmanufacturedpro-ducts.Seealso:coincidentindicatorseconomicinstitution(P0)1Anorganizationwhichisacomponentofaneconomy.2AsystemofPROPERTYRIGHTS.3Anormofeconomicbehaviour.4Adecision-makingunit.5Atypeofcontract,e.g.aformofinsurancetocoveraparticularsortofrisk.ReferencesWiles,P.J.D.(1977)EconomicInstitutionsCompared ,Oxford: BasilBlackwell.economicintegration(F0)Thejoiningtogetherofeconomicactiv-ities,especiallythetradeofseveralcoun-tries.Thiscantakedifferentforms,including FREE- TRADEAREAS,CUSTOMSUN-IONS,COMMONMARKETSandfederationsofnationaleconomies.Differentformsofintegrationcanbedistinguishedbytheextenttowhichindividualnationalgov-ernmentsretainindependenceindecisionmaking.Seealso:EuropeanMonetarySystemeconomicjournals(A1)Thelearnedacademicperiodicals,mostlypublishedquarterly,containingarticlesandbookreviews,which,bypresentingtheresearchfindingsoftheeconomicsprofession,givetheclearestindicationofthepresentstateofthesubject.Someofthem,e.g.theAmericanEconomicReview,attempttocoverallbranchesofeconom-ics,butincreasinglyjournalsspecializinginaparticularbranchofthedisciplinehavebeenfounded.Manyeconomistsonlypublisharticlesandavoidpublishingbooksbecauseofthegreatstatusthejournalshaveattainedintheeconomicsprofession.Recentlymanyoftheseperiod-icalshaveaddedassessmentsofcomputersoftwaretotheirbookreviews.Thelead-ingacademicjournalsofeconomicsin-cludeAmericanEconomicReview,BankofEnglandQuarterlyReview,Economica,EconomicJournal,JournalofIndustrialEconomics,JournalofPoliticalEconomy,ManchesterSchoolofEconomicandSocialStudies,NationalInstituteEconomicRe-view,OxfordEconomicPapers,QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,ReviewofEconomicStudies,ReviewofEconomicsandStatis-tics.Seealso:financialjournalismeconomicjustice(D6)Distributivejusticebasedonfullyin-formedandvoluntarytransactions.SinceAristotle’sNicomacheanEthicsmanyeco-nomicwritingshaveassertedtheimpor-tanceofensuringthatexchangeisfairtobothpartiesandthatthefruitofproduc-tionshouldbedistributedtofactorsofproductionaccordingtotheirrelativein-puts.Seealso:Rawlsianjusticeeconomic ... primarysector with better jobs and a secondarysector with inferior jobs. The primary sectorconsists of large firms offering training andhigh remuneration but the secondary sectorhas many small...
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Routledge Dictionary of Economics Second edition phần 4 ppsx
... UK in which six freeportschemes were launched in 1984. Freeportswere popular as far back as the MiddleAges, when they were known as ‘staples’.Seealso:in-bondmanufacturing free rider (D1, ... goods the free- riderproblem has resulted in the finance ofsuch goods by general taxation; undertrade unionism, the existence of free ridershas led to demands for aUNION or CLOSEDSHOP. free ... Press.Corden, W.M. ( 1974) Trade Policy andEconomic Welfare, Oxford: ClarendonPress. free- trade area (F1)A group of independent nations with free trade among them, but not necessarilywith a joint...
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Routledge Dictionary of Economics Second edition phần 5 potx
... Sadowski, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.—— (1987) Selected Essays on EconomicPlanning, Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-versity Press.Osiatinsky, J. (1990 onwards) The Col-lected Works of M. Kalecki, Oxford: Oxford ... society.Seealso:Ginicoefficient;LorenzcurveReferencesAtkinson, A.B. (1982) The Economics ofInequality, 2nd edn, Oxford: ClarendonPress.Sen, A. (1997) On economic inequalilty,2nd edn, Oxford and New York: Clar-endon Press.Silber, J. (ed.) (1999) ... The Structure of theAmerican Economy, 2nd edn, New York: Oxford University Press.—— (1986) Input-Output Economics, 2ndedn, New York: Oxford University Press.input trade (F1)International trade...
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Routledge Dictionary of Economics Second edition phần 6 doc
... rates could freely move to estab-lish their market values was limited by theintervention ofCENTRAL BANKS.Seealso:dirtyfloatmanaged trade (F1)The abandonment of a free market and FREE TRADE ... Reader,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Freedman, R. (ed.) (1962) Marx on Eco-nomics, Harmondsworth: Penguin.Junankar, P.N. (1982) Marx’s Economics, Oxford: Philip Allan.McLellan, D. (1973) ... the slope ofanINDIFFERENCE CURVE.ReferencesHicks, J.R. (1939) Value and Capital, ch. 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press.marginal rate of transformation (D2)The reduction in the amount of...
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Routledge Dictionary of Economics Second edition phần 7 doc
... A.B. (1983) The Economics ofInequality, 2nd edn, Oxford: ClarendonPress.Phelps Brown, E.H. (1977) The Inequalityof Pay, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.personal sector liquid ... Firm, Oxford: BasilBlackwell.â 2002 Donald Rutherford precise formulation to MARSHALL, althoughthe idea was present in the works ofMUNand John Stuart MILL.price flexibility (D0)Complete freedom ... of productprices. There has been a variety of suchpolicies in France: price freezes, targetaverage prices with freedom to vary indi-â 2002 Donald Rutherford stability of this distribution...
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