... TO DESIGN INTRODUCTION This chapter is an introduction to the nature and methodology of the design process and its application to the designof chemical manufacturing processes 1.2 NATURE OFDESIGN ... optimization of plant designand operation are discussed briefly in Section 1.9 When all of the candidate designs have been optimized, the best design can be selected Very often, the design engineer ... instrumentation diagrams Phase 2: Plant design, including the detailed mechanical designof equipment; the structural, civil, and electrical design; and the specification anddesignof the ancillary services...
... and elements Design features, the elements andprinciplesof design, can be called the language of art anddesign Pick up one of the many books on designand these elements andprinciples will ... understanding and sensitivity to colour and aesthetics The same design elements andprinciples apply to design as to fine art, and an understanding ofand an ability to use these are as vital to the designer ... diversity of textile designand textile designers The diversity of the textile and clothing industries is reflected in the many different types of designers needed At every stage of manufacture of textiles...
... groups of people NGOs' size as well as the scope of their activities can vary considerably Some NGOs consist of a rather limited number of persons; others may have thousands of members and hundreds ... specific projects, and from €75,000 to grants of €100,000 or more to finance operational costs of organisations • So that applicants can be informed quickly of the possibility ofsuccessof their applications, ... ensure maximum transparency and stricter control of how the EU funding is distributed and spent This section will give a brief overviewof key transparency standards and control requirements Transparency...
... a brief overviewof such exploits and how they work Buffer Overflows and Denial of Service Buffer overflows exist in programs usually because of poor programming and bounds checking of variables ... it as a means of improving productivity and enabling the technology of the future, both of which represent measurably increased profitability and genuine business advantage Understanding the Threats ... understand the methods and techniques adopted in designing and implementing secure networks If you are looking for a detailed book documenting the pro’s and con’s of security architectures and how...
... Industry and Trade – DakLak Branch 1.2.1 The process of formation and development of Vietnam Bank for Industry and Trade - DakLak Branch Vietinbank Dak Lak is a member of VietinBank Vietnam, and was ... object of VietinBank, about over 32% in total volume of short term lending in 2008 Next was joint-stock company with the volume of lending of 24,73% and limited company with the volume of lending of ... VietinBank Vietnam on 12/02/1999 of the Chairman of the Board of VietinBank Vietnam After the preparation of the infrastructure, personnel and organizations, VietinBank DakLak officially started to operate...
... Communications of the Society of Mathematics, Kharkow (1892) [16] J D Mirzov, On some analogs of Sturm’s and Kneser’s theorems for nonlinear systems, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications ... the proof of both theorems is a Picone type identity as in [1, 13] and the variational characterization of the first eigenvalue which can be obtained from the Rayleigh quotient (see [4, 12], and ... L(u,v) = a.e in (a,b) if and only if u = kv for some k ∈ R We are ready to prove Theorems 1.1 and 1.2 Proof of Theorem 1.1 Let us assume that (1.1) is disconjugate, and let us prove that λ1 >...
... quality ofguidelines [14], rate the Page of quality of evidence and strength of recommendations [15], inform developers about potential problems with implementation [13], and help adapt existing guidelines ... concept of guideline implementability To better understand the concept of implementability and the relationship between characteristics ofguidelinesand their uptake by physicians, the objectives of ... http://www.implementationscience.com/content/6/1/69 ofguidelinesand their relationship with uptake Metaethnography offers a systematic approach to synthesis to better understand specific attributes ofguidelinesand their relationship...
... surface engineering 2.3 Directions of development of surface engineering 2.3.1 Perfection and combination of methods of manufacturing of surface layers 2.3.2 Designof surface layers, based on mathematical ... guns 2.3.2 Designof electron beam heaters 2.3.3 Types of beams and patterns 2.4 Physical fundamentals of interaction of electron beam with treated material 2.4.1 Mechanism of interaction of electron ... the beginnings of differentiation between military and civilian engineering In more modern times the concept of engineering embraced the art ofdesignand construction of all types of structures...
... properties; – improvement of reliability of work of tools, machine components and appliances and reduction of failures Poor designand improper service conditions are the cause of 15% of down time, while ... - the skill of making fire Several tens of thousands of years B.C man already used improved stone and bone utensils, like knives, awls, engravers, saws and drills) and several thousand years ago ... methods of surface hardening; combined application of nitriding and implantation of nitrogen ions or boriding with implantation of boron ions; application of vacuum deposition of coatings by PVD and...
... object of research, design, enhancement (during the manufacturing process) and, finally, of wear (during service) is the solid surface The solid surface - of a tool, of a part of a machine, of an ... image of the real structure of a solid, including metals, which is of special interest to us is “a set of interruptions of macro and microscopic continuity, consisting of crevices, porosity and ... (Physics and Chemistry of Material Treatment), No 5, 1974, pp 78-86 Ryzkov, F.N., Baskakov, A.V., and Uglov, A.A.: The amplitude of electron beam oscillation and its effect on the shape and size of...
... resonance stimulation 3.2.2.1 Inversion of occupation of energy levels Inversion of occupation of energy levels consists of inversion of the energy structure of the set of quantum systems, appropriate ... diffusion coefficient of the majority of liquids is of the order of 10-5 cm2/s A molecule reaches the depth of 10 nm in a time of approximately 10 -6 s [6] It follows that the exchange of molecules between ... result of defects of the crystalline lattice, during deformation (slip planes) and chipping of solids, causing the exposure of new surfaces, nucleation of new phases, etc The dimensions and properties...
... efficiency of laser heating is very low This efficiency depends on the type anddesignof the laser heater and on the absorption coefficient of the heated surface On the average, the efficiency of heating ... boundary of melted material propagates inward, thereby increasing the zone of melted material to the moment of breaking off of heating or equalizing the amount of heat delivered with the amount of ... effectiveness of laser heating depends on the heat balance of absorbed power within the thin subsurface layer of cold material and power given off to the environment by way of radiation of the heated...
... showing laser hardening of pistons andof piston rings: a) outer diameter surface of piston ring; b) flat side surface of piston ring; c) surface of groove bottom in cast steel and cast iron piston; ... site of hardening Fig 3.57 Laser hardening of cylinder wall: a) comparison of wear; b) way of hardening causing more uniforme wear; - curve of wear of laser hardened cylinder wall; - curve of wear ... 119-121 187 Komorek, Z., and Bojar, Z.: Effect of chemical composition and parameters of laser treatment of superficial layer on selected properties of protective layers of nickel-base casting...
... fragmentation of inclusions and precipitations present in the implanted material and to a refinement and homogenization of the structure of that material [38, 65] Atrophy of grain boundaries [71] and dislocations ... Effect of number of impacts on impact wear of different metals and alloys: a) not implanted; b) implanted by nitrogen ions of 100 keV energy, dose of 4·1017 N+/cm2, beam current of µA and beam ... radii of ion paths with masses m1, and m 2; B vector of induction of magnetic field Mass separators Separators are used for precise selection of ions in the beam, based on an analysis of mass of...
... cracking of ceramics and sintered carbides is enhanced by the implantation of Zr, Cr and Ti 4.6.3 Hardness and adhesion of implanted materials Ion implantation of the majority of metallic, ceramic and ... by the implantation of Ti and Mo ions Optical properties of glasses andof synthetic materials is modified by the implantation of Nb, Ti, Mo, Zr and Y ions 4.7 Application of implantation technology ... of the object, e.g as a result of loading, wear, chemical action of the environment The structure of the superficial layer, constituting a “set of elements of the real surface of the object and...
... rise of the unevenness of the surface, the degree of corrosiveness of the environment (e.g., a rise of its humidity) and the degree of corrosion (most often the degree of oxidation) All of these ... surface structure and on the type of material of the external zone of the superficial layer and they characterize a set of geometric-material properties of the real surface andof the adherent ... significant amounts of carbon, oxygen and sodium, as well as small amounts of chlorine and sulfur [14] Zone IV constitutes a layer of oxides of the core metal, created as the result of a chemical reaction...
... of attraction of substances (gases, vapors, solids in solution, ions and liquids) and their collection at the surface of solids and liquids, at the interface between solid and gas or liquid and ... amount of energy, called heat of adsorption, is exchanged with the environment It assumes a value of the order of heat of evaporation of the adsorbate and usually is contained within the limits of ... moment of exceeding of the material’s strength, manifest by the formation of microcracks Submicrostresses may be the cause of high hardness and strength of metal alloys [33] Independently of the...
... examples of the correlation between the atomic number Z of an element and the catalytic activity of certain metals for the reaction of ammonia decomposition at a temperature of 800ºC and pressure of ... number of changes of loading increases in metals and alloys, successively, there come about local plastic deformation in particular grains, formation of slip bands, division of grains into blocks and ... surface of the softer material by the protruding asperities of the harder material and closing of the surface in both materials The peaks of asperities of the harder material may scratch the softer...