optoelectronic oscillators phase noise and stability measurements

... (1) where the phase distortion φ(t) represents both the phase noise (PHN) and the carrier frequency offset (CFO) and can be written as follows: φ(t) = θ(t) + 2πΔ f t, (2) where θ(t) and Δ f correspond, ... model produces a 1/ f type noise power behavior that agrees with experimental measurements carried out on real RF oscillators The phase noise rate is characterized by the bandwidth β normalized with ... the real and imaginary part of the OFDM signal and the CDF of a Gaussian random variable with zero mean and variance 1/2 The summand in (B.3) is the product of the likelihood p.d.f and the posterior...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... baseband to passband and with negative sign when mixing from passband to baseband (e.g., [23]) Consequently, the equivalent complex baseband-to-baseband channels from A to B and from B to A are ... relay phase noise on the quality of the channel estimates, the notion of “block phase noise is introduced: the LO phases of the relays stay constant for a single channel use and change randomly ... the impact of estimation noise on all protocols of Section is the same, the impact of phase noise is not In this section, the impact of relay phase noise and estimation noise on the quality of...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 17:20

... reported as phase noise However, alternatively double-sideband phase noise can be expressed by = 10 log (8) From either the single-sideband or double-sideband phase noise, the rms phase noise can ... VCO noise, that is, the contributor of the synthesizer out-of-band noise, one for the ΣΔ modulator noise that could contribute to both in-band and out-of-band noise, and one for all other noise ... Choose the intercept between the out-of-band noise (VCO noise) and the in-band noise (CP noise, reference noise, divider noise, etc.) as the loop optimal bandwidth As an example, consider the plot...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 22:20

... over additive noise and phase noises [36] It is suggested that the optimal memory length of DA ML can be calculated provided that the statistics of the additive noise and phase noise are available ... require either nonlinear computations (Mth-power operation and phase unwrapping) or the statistics of the system noises (phase noise and additive noise) Nonlinear operations are likely to increase the ... following areas: phase estimation (PE) algorithms for laser phase noise and fiber nonlinear phase noise; frequency offset estimator (FOE) to tackle the frequency offset between transmitter and local...

Ngày tải lên: 10/09/2015, 15:47

... pp 87-112 Niemann, G and Baethge, J., 'Transmission error, tooth stiffness, and noise of parallel axis gears.' VDI-Z, Vol 2, 1970, No and No Palmer, D and Munro, R.G., 'Measurements of transmission ... however, noise is the critical factor, "design load" may refer to the condition where noise has to be a minimum and may be only 10% of the permitted maximum load If the requirement is for minimum noise ... short, or intermediate relief In 1970, Neimann in Germany [4] and Munro in the U.K introduced and developed the ideas of "long" and "short" relief designs for the two extreme load cases where...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 03:15

... Understanding Gear Noise, J Derek Smith Chains for Power Transmission and Material Handling: Design and Applications Handbook, American Chain Association Corrosion and Corrosion Protection Handbook, ... Selection and Application, Duane Tandeske 73 Zinc Handbook: Properties, Processing, and Use in Design, Frank Porter 74 Thermal Fatigue of Metals, Andrzej Weronski and Tadeusz Hejwowski 75 Classical and ... Revised and Expanded, Earl Logan, Jr 86 Vibrations of Shells and Plates: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Werner Soedel 87 Steam Plant Calculations Manual: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 03:15

... of seven a-helices, a three-stranded antiparallel b-sheet and loops connecting these secondary structure elements The contents of the a-helix and b-strand were 50% and 11%, respectively The monomer ... and the protein’s stability in an organic medium Results Protein preparation and incorporation of metal ions E coli cells harboring the expression plasmid for ApeSOD were grown in LB medium and ... (B) and (C) Prepared with PYMOL [44] C of the N-terminal extended region and the following two a-helices, and the globular, (a + b)-type C-terminal domain Oligomeric structure The A ⁄ B and C...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 22:20

... the stability against pressure and urea of the MS2 bacteriophage and three temperature sensitive (ts) mutants (Fig 1B) Urea and hydrostatic pressure are utilized to promote capsid dissociation and ... Fluorescence data points are the average and standard deviation of three experiments (A and B) and light scattering curves are representative of three measurements The sample concentration utilized ... assembly and disassembly In this work, we studied the effects of chemical (i.e urea) and physical (i.e high pressure) denaturing agents in the structure and stability of the MS2 bacteriophage, and...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 12:20

... induction of full enzymatic activity and optimum stability in a dimer of phosphorylase This is a signicant and central problem to the study of catalysis by GPs and oligomeric enzymes in general ... the phosphate effect on CcStP stability We report here the preparation of apo-CcStP and the characterization thereof in respect to structural properties and kinetic stability The process of reconstitution ... Analytical enzymes and enzyme substrates were specied in previous papers [1518] All other chemicals were of reagent grade and obtained from Sigma and Fluka Preparation of apo-Cc StP and apo-Ec MalP...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 16:20

... profound changes in the quality and stability of a food product Therefore, Aw measurements provide a simple and convenient Vitamins in Foods: Analysis, Bioavailability, and Stability means of evaluating ... M.J.W., and Race, P., The prediction of vitamin retention in food processing, J Micronutr Anal., 7, 329, 1990 Rockland, L.B and Nishi, S.K., Influence of water activity on food product quality and stability, ... Fukuhisa, K., Kubo, Y., and Fukumoto, H., Pressure inactivation of yeasts, molds, and pectinesterase in satsuma mandarin juice: effects of juice concentration, pH, and organic acids, and comparison with...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 00:20

... rat HDC monomer and its quaternary structure, obtained after docking and energy minimization calculations carried out as described in the Materials and methods section One thousand dimer structures ... HisOMe; a-fluoromethylhistidine, a-FMH) and submitted to the semidenaturing conditions A (A, loading buffer A) and B (B) and (C) described in the Materials and methods section In (C), samples had ... to adopt a-helix and random coil secondary structures (predictions not shown, also derived from Figs and 2) Concluding remarks Since the initial suggestions by Pauling in 1948 and the later formulation...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 08:20

... concentrated HNO3 were added and the reactor was covered and pre-digested overnight Next, 20 mg of Na2 S2 O8 and ml of HClO4 (or 0.3 ml of concentrated HF in rice) were added and heated to 150 ◦ C for ... 1:1–9:1) and M H3 PO4 (only for soil samples) Table shows the total arsenic content found in rice, chicken, fish and soil, after acid digestion of raw samples and determination by HG-AFS, and the ... borohydride The arsenic content in rice and chicken is of the same order of magnitude and about three and two orders of magnitude lower than that of soil and fish, respectively The 9:1 methanol:water...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 23:49

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 11:20

... exciting and interesting, attracted intellectual talent and bankers were paid well, it got way out of hand and jeopardized the stability of the real sector Conversely, periods when banking was dull and ... modest, and far outweighed by the benefits And this applies both in the transition phase and in the steady state On the one hand, the Macroeconomic Assessment Group formed by the FSB and the ... three phases The first phase is the period before 1930, before the Great Depression, when banking was an exciting and expanding industry Bankers were paid better than in other sectors and therefore...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 02:20

... equations, resulting in a high affinity and low Vmax at low sucrose concentrations (Vmax1 and Km1) and low affinity and high(er) Vmax at high sucrose concentrations (Vmax2 and Km2) [13] In Table the kinetic ... strand 7, connecting to the important Asp393 residue, and the region close to the salt bridge and the secondary sucrose-binding site SB2 Other regions are involved in specificity and thermostability, ... substrate and products [10,11] have indicated the presence of various important regions inside and outside the active site pocket characterized by sucrose and oligosaccharide-binding sites (SB and...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 11:20

... structure and its thermal unfolding, and to describe some of the experimental and mathematical bases for future studies into strategies for increasing the thermal stability of proteins Materials and ... where Cp,N2 and Cp,U stand for the molar heat capacities of the native and unfolded states, respectively; that is, the changes of HN2 and HU with temperature Substitution of this and Eqn (10) ... was used for the analysis of DSC and CD unfolding curves All the equations and thermodynamic parameters in this paper are given in terms Ó FEBS 2004 Unfolding and stability of Thermotoga maritima...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 12:20

... permeabilities; and (2) phase transformation along the interface of a stagnant phase and the other phase flowing around it controls the irreducible phase saturation of the stagnant phase [Verma, ... Apparatus, Measurements and Procedure 122 6.1.1 Steam and Water Rates Measurements 124 6.1.2 Pressure Measurements 126 6.1.3 Experimental Procedure 127 6.2 Results and ... We compared the flow behavior and relative permeability differences between two -phase flow with and without phase transformation effects and between smooth-walled and rough-walled fractures We...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 15:20

... b-strands: b-strand (residues Tyr2–Thr4), b-strand (residues Val35–Lys36) and b-strand (residues Tyr41–His44) Residues Asp37–Glu40 form a reverse b-turn T between b-strands and The b-strands ... – were annealed, and the double-stranded X1 was purified by gel filtration in buffer containing 40 mM K2HPO4 and 100 mM NaCl, pH 6.0 The double-stranded X1 DNA was concentrated and equilibrated ... reported by Sam and co-authors [20], residues 2–4 of HK022 Xis adopt a b-strand conformation, forming a three-stranded antiparallel b-sheet together with residues 35–36 (b-strand 3) and residues...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 15:21

... characterize the thermodynamic properties, stability, and domain organizations, we analysed these fibritin mutants by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and CD measurements The analysis of DSC curves ... urea and does not refold after heat denaturation The XN protein can be refolded by fast dilution from urea and does not refold after heat denaturation MATERIALS AND METHODS E coli strains and ... capacity of proteins in the maximum of the peak, and D1 Cp is the difference between heat capacities for state and (after and before the transition) CD measurements CD spectra of mutant proteins were...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 03:21

... around I78 and the heme (denoted as HEM) in HT c-552 and the corresponding regions Ó FEBS 2002 Cytochrome c structure and stability (Eur J Biochem 269) 3359 stability in an additive manner, and hoped ... residues responsible for stability, and in fact Ala7, Met13, and Tyr43 in HT c-552 have been shown, by mutagenesis and 3D structure analyses, to be determinants of the higher stability of HT c-552 ... responsible for the stability of HT c-552, and the corresponding regions in the wild-type PA c-551 and its quintuple mutant The mutated residues in the quintuple mutant, and the corresponding...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 03:21