optimization of signal to noise ratio

... relation to amplitude detectors IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1999, 46:730-739 Zhang YT, Parker PA, Scott RN: A study of the effects of motor unit recruitment and firing statistics on the signal to noise ratio ... ME signal measurement, such as the interferences arose from the recording electrodes and power line In such a circumstance, signal- to- noise ratio (SNR), defined as the ratio of the amplitude of ... 18 19 20 Kreifeldt JG: Signal versus noise characteristics of filtered EMG used as a control source IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1971, 18:16-22 Ferraioli A: Signal to noise ratio of the filtered EMG in...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... base level of noise was added to the signal, to avoid values near to zero in the denominator of HNRYum in (4) The average value for 100 realizations of the random variables involved (noise and ... “Investigation of a glottal related harmonics -to- noise ratio and spectral tilt as indicators of glottal noise in synthesized and human voice signals,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, ... voice signals,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol 102, no 1, pp 537–543, 1997 [9] E Yumoto, W J Gould, and T Baer, “The harmonic -to- noise ratio as an index of the degree of hoarseness,”...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 20:20

... harmonics -to- noise ratio The energy in a noise region is assumed to be due to noise components only, but in the harmonic region, the energy is a superposition of harmonic and noise components The noise ... prototype The prototype is computed as the mean of feature vectors corresponding to signals in the reference set belonging to a particular class The prototype, referred to as a centroid vector, ... speech signals,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol 87, no 3, pp 1278–1289, 1990 [11] E Yumoto, W J Gould, and T Baer, “Harmonics to noise ratio as an index of the degree of hoarseness,”...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 23:20

... linear operations to recover its signal without depending on transmit beamforming vectors of other users Let ith user uses a matched filter to recover its signal The detected signal of this user ... − α (20) The outage probability of SLR is a parameter that shows how often the transmit beamformer is not capable of maintaining the ratio of the signal power to the leakage power above a certain ... Comparing the PDF x of (7) to the standard form of Chi-square PDF [23], u can be alternatively expressed as u = ci u, Like the PDF of u given in (7), the PDF of v ≥ is well known to be [23] ∞ zN...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... day of composting, total K in pile and were lower than those of the other piles may be due to the lower amount of swine manure added to these piles to obtain higher initial C/N At the end of composting, ... Changes in total nitrogen during composting of cassava pulp with swine manure Changes in total phosphorus and total potassium The changes of total P and K followed a similar trend as total nitrogen ... ratio is one of the factors used to indicate compost maturation A C/N ratio of 20 or less is accepted as mature compost (Land Development Department, 2003) The C/N ratios of all piles in this study...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 09:08

... Because of the time-varying nature of speech signals, the location of this signal subspace (and its dimension) will consequently be frame-dependent Noise signal The additive noise is assumed to be ... eigenvectors vi , σw the noise variance, and I the identity matrix A crucial observation here is that the eigenvectors of the noise are identical to the clean-speech eigenvectors due to the white noise ... equal to the LS estimator Also, the MV estimator is a special case of TDC with μ = The most straightforward way to specify the value of μ is to assign a constant value to it, independently of the...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 23:20

... composition of each of the prepared formula The effect of different formulation parameters, such as type of Dynasan, soyalicithin:Dynasan ratio, drug:total lipid ratio, and the PVA concentration on ... wide range of variability ranging from 258 to 2743.7 nm depending on the lipid composition, drug to lipid ratio, and the concentration of the stabilizer (PVA) It is clear that a ratio of 2:1 soyalicithin: ... delivery of a high concentration of active agents in the colon to improve pharmacotherapy and reduce its potential systemic toxicity and side effects [3] The early detection, diagnosis, and the use of...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2012, 11:22

... intercooling pressure ratio π total pressure ratio τ1 ratio of the hot-side heat reservoir temperature to environment temperature τ2 ratio of the cold-side heat reservoir temperature to environment ... of the regenerator is always zero in the operation state of optimal dimensionless profit rate (2) When the heat conductance allocation of the regenerator and the total pressure ratio are fixed, ... T U uh ui uk ul ur price ratio of power output to exergy input rate price ratio of thermal exergy output rate to exergy input rate heat capacity rate ( kW / K ) ratio of the specific heats temperature...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58

... temperature ratio for total compression process price of exergy flow rate ( dollar / kW ) efficiency profit rate ( dollar ) intercooling pressure ratio total pressure ratio entropy generation rate of ... heat reservoir to environment temperature ratio of the inlet temperature of cold-side heat reservoir to environment temperature ratio of the inlet temperature of intercooling fluid to environment ... the regenerator is always zero at the design point of the optimal dimensionless profit rate When the total pressure ratio, the heat conductance allocation of the regenerator and the total heat...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:59

... on the integration of two signal inputs Therefore, we measured signalling to ERK after stimulation with EGF, PKC activator, 4b-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and a combination of both We ... architecture of signal transduction networks is often highly complex, due to the large number of participating protein complexes, cross interactions between pathways and the functioning of regulatory ... understanding of cellular signalling a difficult task For example, the features of a whole network cannot be understood simply as the sum of features of its parts; the network as such may give rise to system...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 16:20

... mediator of both mitogenic and stress signaling pathways, in response to subsequent growth factor stimulation [36] Given the importance of the plasma membrane in linking growth factor receptor ... factors is due to the release of the Ca2+-regulatory compound inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and coupled to the activation of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) [25] The costimulation of ... concentrations of each of the two fluidizers at which their addition to membrane preparations caused increases in the level of membrane fluidity identical to that found after a temperature change to...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 12:20

... in firms’ profitability and their priceto-book ratios Our results are of consequence to an analyst who wishes to forecast earnings and book rates of return to value firms Those forecasts—and valuations ... University, University of California at Berkeley, University of Houston, University of Iowa, University of Southern California, University of Texas at Austin, and Washington University Stephen ... with customers Such biases presumably not affect value, but they affect accounting rates of return and the pricing of the liabilities relative to their carrying value (the price-tobook ratio) ...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 02:20

... control of the albumin promoter [4-7] Expression of the uPA transgene in the mouse liver causes a gradual depletion of the mouse hepatocytes Transplantation of normal human hepatocytes into these ... Another way of examining cross-hybridization of the mouse liver mRNA would be to apply the mouse mRNA to the microarray in the absence of human mRNA However, the purpose of this study was to determine ... and discussion Isolation of liver samples with a high ratio of human to mouse RNA It has previously been established that the transplanted human hepatocytes develop into red nodules within the...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 01:20

... infimum of f(x), ||x(n)|| = x(n), x∗ (n) , y(x(0), N) is the obtained signal and it consists of chaotic signal and additive noise, x x(ˆ (0), N) is the estimation signal, N is the length of the ... method; SNR: signal- tonoise ratios; SDM: symbolic dynamics-based method Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the suggestions of the anonymous reviewers And the authors would like to thank ... condition of every part, respectively, and simultaneously using the improved SDM; finally, joint the estimated signal of every part to reconstruct the estimated signal The schematic diagram of the...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 03:20

... thermal evaporation through a shadow mask The structure of the IOSCs consisted of Au/MoOx/ P3HT:PCBM/ZnO, a NR/ZNO seed layer, and ITO/PES stacked from bottom to top Investigation into surface ... energy diagram of IOSC with ZnO NRs We fabricated a series of devices with different ZnO seed layer thickness by controlling the number of spin coating depositions To investigate the role of the ZnO ... up to an optimum thickness of 130 nm In IOSC structures, the electron transport layer is affected by injection of holes from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of P3HT—4.8 eV to...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

... asymptotically stable equilibrium for 4.33 by Lemma 4.4, it follows that yn → u This completes the proof of the lemma Proof of Theorem 1.4 To prove Theorem 1.4 it is enough to assume statement B of ... analogous to those in the standard normalized Lyness’ Equation 2–4 xn α xn xn−1 4.28 We seek to use an argument of proof similar to the one used in , in which one takes advantage of the existence of ... Proof This proof requires extensive use of a computer algebra system to verify certain inequalities involving rational expressions Here we give an outline of the steps, and refer the reader to...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 20:20

... used in literature to approximate the OFDM signal as a circularly Gaussian random vector, especially for the derivation of analytical expression of the peak-toaverage power ratio (PAPR) [19, 20] ... order to study the efficiency of an estimation method, it is of great interest to compute the variance bounds on the estimation errors and to compare them to the lowest bounds corresponding to the ... plotted versus the signal- to- noise ratio (SNR) Even with significant PHN rate and large CFO, JSCPEMPF achieves accurate estimation of the phase distortions The MSE curves tend toward a minimum MSE...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... complex response of a tree to induced wind force −20 −30 Received signal (dBm) the complex response of a tree to induced wind force In our previous work, a heuristic approach was used to model the ... the path length of the LOS component L1 is the distance from the transmitter to a point parallel to a position of a tree component, d is the distance from the point to the position of a tree component, ... more rapidly for high frequency compared to low-frequency signals The increasing rate of signal changing activity and the increasing existence of deep signal fading with increasing frequency can...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 23:20

... with α = P is nonempty and compact To complete the proof of the theorem, it remains to apply Theorem Existence of Solutions to Generalized Bilevel Vector Optimization Problems 307 Theorem Let ... (α is one of the words: “ideal”, “Pareto”, “properly”, “weakly”, , respectively ) Such a couple (¯, z ) is said to be the solution of (GV QOP )α The set of such solutions is said x ¯ to be the ... Existence of Solutions to Generalized Bilevel Vector Optimization Problems f (x∗ , z ∗ ) ∩ γ Min f (αS(D, K, S, T, F, C))/C) = ∅ 293 (1)(α,γ) This is called an (α, γ) bilevel vector optimization...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 05:20

... amounts of HCl or the presence of large amounts of C1– ions Therefore, for the partial dehydration of PEO units, the volume of the hydrophilic part of the micelle decreases This leads to an increase ... conditions The images of SBA-15 samples synthesised at a TEOS/TCP ratio of 3.15 showed more cavities compared to those synthesised with a TEOS/TCP ratio of 3.38 This result was attributed to the residual ... Grange, P & Su, B L (2003) Chemistry of silica at different concentrations of non-ionic surfactant solutions: Effect of pH of the synthesis gel on the preparation of mesoporous silica Microporous...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 14:20