on the nature of mathematical reasoning

... The main conclusion of these investigations has shown that the increase of rH used during deposition leads to increased disorder in the sample Namely, deposition with rH = 10% favors formation ... measurements The left axis shows long exponential tails in the absorption edge The right axis shows curves used for estimating the band gap according to the Tauc formula The blueshift of the absorption ... of measurement and the excitation pulse, creating the PL decay curve Because NPh is directly proportional to the dn  t   n0 dt (3) Equation is in fact a definition of the so called response...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 06:20

... wore on small earthquakes began to rattle the city Finally, on the afternoon of 24 August at about 13:00 hours Mount Vesuvius erupted The eruption of Vesuvius darkened the sky and blanketed the ... sister communities [7] The logistics of the timely evacuation of million people with little or no warning, living at a density greater than that of the inhabitants of Hong Kong, are incomprehensible ... protect the population at risk should Vesuvius experience another catastrophic eruption does not exist Because of the impossibility of timely evacuation in the event of a sudden eruption, those...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 23:20

... teaches us a number of important lessons about the evolution of gene regulation One is that, at least in the case of Hox genes, the inherent asymmetry in the physical arrangement of the genes leads ... paper in the Journal of Experimental Zoology, Reno et al [9] show a pattern of correlated morphological variation in the evolution of elements of the forelimbs of the Anthropoidea (the monkeys, ... affinity between the promoter and the enhancer The study by Montavon et al [1] is one of the first quantitative models of transcriptional regulation in limb development that is strongly supported...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:20

... secondly the quasi-empirical nature of mathematical knowledge, in that counter-examples lead to the adaptation of the proofs, axionE or definitions in the theorem, i.e the re-transmission of ... produced of the choice of alternative theories by mathematicians, and even alternative conceptions of the nature of mathematics, and of mathematical truth, then Bloor's argument has indeed strong ... however, that there is no distinction between the various kinds of rational rules adopted in a society on the one hand, and their conventions on the other." (Page 56) Hence the role of epistelogists...

Ngày tải lên: 11/10/2014, 04:11

... discussion of some of these) These include proof by mathematical induction, proof by contradiction, proof by exhaustion, proof by enumeration, and many others But they are all built on modus ponendo ... justification And we really not know how the formal concept of proof evolved The Republic of Plato contains a clear articulation of the proof concept The Physics of Aristotle not only discusses proofs, ... bullet-proof fashion that will stand the test of time The second, and for the working mathematician the most important, aspect of proof is that the proof of a new theorem explains why the result...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 09:20

... length of time we examine the image itself ? These puzzling questions arise from consideration only of the depictive content of still photographs; there remains the larger question of their representational ... conflict with the essence of such art – then the answer is “yes,” since on this option my mis-categorization is irrelevant to the quality of my appreciation If we take the third option, then the ... development that raises the possibility of a similar need in the professional practice of photography Given these developments the time is right for a re-investigation of the themes the pioneering critics...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 21:22

... to the generation of the cation vacancies at film/solution interface through the oxidative ejection of cations from the film [8] This result is consistent with the above Nyquist plots where the ... sensitive to the film formation potential The current for the formation of oxide peaks at the potential of -0.1 V More concentrated KOH electrolyte solution contributes to the formation of less resistant ... KOH solution In both solutions, the ICR values were higher in the passive region (-0.5 to -0.1 V) and decreased at the higher potential conditions Generally, the influence of Cr-oxide on the Ni-based...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 00:20

... precise notions concerning the subject-matter of Economic Science and the nature of the generalisations of which Economic Science consists Secondly it attempts to explain the limitations and the significance ... to the preoccupations of the economist and the nature and the extent of his competence As a result, the reputation of Economics sutlers, and full advantage is not taken of the knowledge it confers ... AN ESSAY ON THE NATURE ftf SIGNIFICANCE OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE BY LIONEL ROBBINS Professor of Economics in the University of London SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND EXTENDED MACMILLAN...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 22:20

... trace the effects of this decision on the whole complex of "scarcity relationships" on wages, on profits, on prices, on rates of capitalisation, and the organisation of production On the contrary, ... this conception The conception we have rejected, the conception of Economics as the study of the causes of material welfare, was what may be called a classificatory conception It marks off certain ... attitude of these two authors 18 SIGNIFICANCE OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE OH wide field of our definition, the attention of economists is focused chiefly on the complications of the Exchange Economy The...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 22:20

... a contention, however, would rest upon a misconception It is true that the scarcity of materials is one of the limitations of conduct But the scarcity of our own time and the services of others ... question Did the sale of indulgences affect the distribution of income, the magnitude of expenditure on other commodities, the direction of production, or did it not? We must not evade the consequences ... speak of an "economic" end of conduct? This raises questions of very great import Full discussion of the part played in economic analysis of the assumption that money-making is the sole motive of...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 22:20

... Economics and removes all possible grounds of conflict between them The nature of Economic Theory is clear It is the study of the formal implications of these relationships of ends and means on ... description of this stream of events; it concentrates upon the description of a certain aspect thereofa changing network of economic relationships,2 the effect on values in the economic sense of changes ... functions just as conditions of taste "show" themselves in the scales of relative valuations But there the connection ceases Economics is a study of the disposal of scarce commodities The technical...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 22:20

... into the causes determining the production and distribution of wealth.1 Economics has been divided into two main divisions, the theory of production and the theory of distribution, and the task of ... abandon the traditional arrangement We no longer enquire concerning the causes determining variations of production and distribution We enquire rather concerning the conditions of equilibrium of ... in relation to the general theory of indirect exchange, the other to the Ricardian theory of the distribution of the precious metals But, of course, this does not exclude a conventional significance...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 22:20

... assumption of one of the conditions which must be present if there is to be economic activity at all It is an essential constituent of our conception of conduct with an economic aspect The propositions ... applications of these propositions involves the use of a great multitude of subsidiary postulates regarding the condition of markets, the number of parties to the exchange, the state of the law, the minimum ... discussed the nature of the generalisations whereby these conceptions are related We have not yet discussed the nature and derivation of economic laws This, therefore, is the purpose of the present...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 22:20

... misapprehension The propositions of the theory of variations not involve the assumption that men are actuated only by considerations of money gains and losses They involve only the assumption that money ... behind the homo œconomieus the occasional assumption that in certain exchange relationships all the means, so to speak, are on one side and all the ends on the other If, e.g., for purposes of demonstrating ... problem of one of the most fully developed parts of any of the social sciences we have hit upon one of the essential differences between the social and the physical sciences It is not the business of...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 22:20

... rid of carrion From the point of view of pure Economics these things are conditioned on the one side by individual valuations, and on the other by the technical facts of the given situation And ... function of the quantity and quality of the population It is a function of the distribution of income within the community and of changes in the volume of money Transport changes will alter the ... factors of production, ignorance of the future, and the other qualitative postulates of his theory, is the economist then excused from the obligation of maintaining further contact with reality? The...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 22:20

... see the relevance of these distinctions to the problem of prognosis if we consider once more the implications of the theory of money Given certain assumptions with regard to the demand for money, ... that the more one has of anything the less one values additional units thereof Therefore, it is said, the more real income one has, the less one values additional units of income Therefore the ... technique of analysis could predict the trends of inventions leading on the one hand to the coming of the railway, on the other to the internal combustion engine Even if we think that, if we know the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 22:20

... diminution of the value of capital This is one of the most elementary deductions from the theory of economic equilibrium The history of this country since the War is one long vindication of its ... understand the nature of the idea of precision in economic generalisations, and my argument contains one entirely unnecessary concession to the critics of Economics On the main point under discussion, ... SIGNIFICANCE OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE 145 simply point out the implications as regards the disposal of means of production of the various patterns of ends which may be chosen For this reason, the use of the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 22:20

... crystal structure Considerable reduction of the rate of oxidation of the metal occurs after the growth of the first monolayer, although the process does not stop there Once the metal is separated ... also the vacancy diffusion mechanism on passivation and breakdown of the oxide film The model considered the significance of the vacancy concentration gradient on ionic transport and determined these ... a detail consideration to corrosion resistance properties and also the advantage of Mo additions.9,10 The main aspiration of this thesis is a detail study of the passivation process of stainless...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 15:55

... compared to the β-TCP Also, at four weeks, the healing of these defects was similar to that of the control group On the other hand, our ultrastructural investigation revealed that the CPCBB caused ... that the successful interaction of a bone graft substitute with the host tissue under normobaric conditions may not be indicative of the similar process under hyperbaric environment Conclusion ... 41,3±5,4 Electron microscopy observations In the ultrastructural evaluation of the periosteum in one and two week specimens in the control groups without HBOT, there were numerous chondroblasts...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2012, 11:15