... SHAPE GRAMMARS AND THE GENERATIVE SPECIFICATION OF PAINTINGANDSCULPTUREInthispaperwepresent(1)adefinition of shape grammars, (2)aformalism,based on these grammars, for the complete, generative specification of aclass of paintingsorsculptures,and(3)adiscussion of the implications of thesespecificationsforaestheticsanddesigntheory. Generative specificationscanbeusedin the analysisandaestheticevaluation of the paint-ingsorsculpturestheydefine.Indesignbased on generative specifications, the artistchoosesstructuralandmaterialrelationshipsandthenproducesalgorithmically the res'ultingworks of art,Ourunderlyingaimistouseformal, generative techniquestoproducegood ... bedefinedtocontainmultipleelements.Discussionandillustrations of serialimageryinrecentartcanbefoundin(Coplans,1968).3.1PaintingInformally,paintingconsists of the definition of alanguage of two-dimensionalshapes, the selection of ashapeinthatlanguageforpainting, the specification of a schemaforpainting the areascontainedin the shape,and the determination of the locationandscale of the shape on acanvas of givensizeandshape.. ... Levelassignmentsaremadetotermi-nalsduring the generation of ashapeusingtheserules:1) The terminalsin the initialshapeareassignedlevelO.2)Ifashaperuleisapplied~and the highestlevelassignedtoanypart of the terminalcorrespond-ingto the leftside of the ruleisNthena)if the ruleis of typeA~anypart of the terminalenclosedby the markerin the leftside of the ruleisassignedN.b)if the ruleis of typeB~anypart of the terminalenclosedby the markerin the leftside of the ruleisassignedN...
... prefer the statement ofthe result as it is. We start the paper with the technical results, in Sec- tion 3, and continue with a discussion ofthe implications for linguistics in Section 4. The ... satisfies the inequality stated in the conclusion ofthe IL. Notice that if one tuple describes every string in a set A, then, since G is context-free, A is k-interchangeable. The part ofthe proof ... strings of Mn. Then there is a constant c > 1 such that any context.free grammar Gn generating Mn(n 2) must have sue f~(cn). Proof. This proof is really just a generalization ofthe proof of...
... OF 1971 painting, the specification of a schema for painting the areas contained in the shape, and the determination ofthe location and scale ofthe shape on a canvas of given size and shape. ... direction of the marker, reduces it in size by one-third, and forces the continuation ofthe generation process. Markers restrict rule application to a specific part ofthe shape and indicate the ... to these relationships and which would be difficult to design by other means. REFERENCES [1] E. Panofsky, The History ofthe Theory of Human Proportions as a Reflec-tion ofthe History of ...
... in the body part, especially in the news plentiful of content and the content expresses the reaction to the news. Like the headline, it attracts the reader’s attentions to the main content of ... And the structure is one ofthe features ofthe news story’s paragraph.According to Do Huu Chau [2]: “Structure is an art ofthe performance on content factors ofthe writers. Structurally, the ... face-to-face interaction. The situation, therefore, must be interfered from the text. Naturally, readers only pay attention to the contents or news ofthe news story, they do not care how the story are...
... relationsare not mere functions of class or anything else, and in this sense theyhave some genuine autonomy.An implication of relatively strong versions ofthe gender-autonomythesis is that the ... mobilization of classes on the one hand and gender relations onthe other. One might argue that the Class counts156 countries, therefore, it appears that in what might be thought of astraditional ... compositions.Class counts150 tion of housework ± to the contrast between highly egalitarian andinegalitarian households ± rather than to the distribution as a whole.None of these manipulations of...
... with power. The creative power within us makes us into the image of that to which we give our attention. The grateful mind is constantly fixed upon the best, therefore it will receive the best.” ... things which theyown only in imagination have real faith. They will get rich; they will cause the creation of whatever they want.” Wallace Wattles The Astonishing Powerof Gratitude… ... bad) increases the suffering and prolongs the experience. Putting the energy onthe “bad” experience only creates more of it! The value of non-resistance is that it really speeds the process...
... any opinion whatsoever onthe part of ITU concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or concerning the delimitations of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific ... represent the views ofthe International Telecommunication Union (ITU) or its membership. The designations employed and the presentation of material, including maps, do not imply the expression of ... that the potential contribution of ICTs to economic growth differs across nations. First, the impact of ICT on economic growth and its specific form are probably dependent onthe stage of economic...
... crew in the table is the first 1849Cambridge crew. Four ofthe men of which it consisteddied young; (two of them from accidental causes, oneonly three years after the race, and the other only ... as they bear upon the duration of life of Uni-versity Oarsmen, must be deemed decidedly favourable ; the lives of each one ofthe 32 crews to which theyrefer extending over 334 instead of 320 ... toloosen their hold upon the youth of Great Britain.Viewing athletic contests then as national institu-tions, what is their influence upon health ? Are theycalculated to improve the physique of...
... balancingimpact on risk-taking incentives due to the shortretention period. The impact ofthe deferred portiondepends on performance conditions; in the absence of performance conditions, deferred ... iscommon in the United States. If the same 60 percent of the incentive compensation award is deferred, the whole 60 percent is exposed to the variation in the value ofthe stock. If the stock ... effec-tive performance conditions, the whole 60 percent isexposed to the conditions. The details of vesting andother performance conditions are particularly impor-tant to the overall balancing...