number plate recognition using svm and neural networks

... D Wong and A K Nandi, “Automatic digital modulation recognition using artificial neural network and genetic algorithm,” Signal Processing, vol 84, no 2, pp 351–365, 2004 [7] A K Nandi and E E ... Inter-class recognition Full-class recognition Intra-class FSK recognition Intra-class QAM recognition Figure 10: False recognition probability versus number of symbols (inter-class recognition, ... 9: False recognition probability versus SNR (a) Inter-class recognition (Case I) (b) Inter-class recognition (Case II) (c) Intraclass PSK recognition (d) Intra-class FSK recognition recognition...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 16:20

... representing f using (6.13) with the substitutions uk , and z xkþ1 ; (2) representing f using x ðxk ; uk Þ, x xk , u u ;, and z xkþ1 ; and (3) representing g using the substitutions uk , and z yk ... estimation for nonlinear dynamical systems and also as a basis for on-line learning algorithms for feedforward neural networks [15] and radial basis function networks [16, 17] For more details, see ... of f and g and the noise covariances Given observations of the (no longer hidden) states and outputs, f and g can be obtained as the solution to a possibly nonlinear regression problem, and the...

Ngày tải lên: 23/12/2013, 07:16

... B/K = 1/5 and N = 5, the expectation and variance of nB are and 4/5 The standard deviation is 0.89 When B/K = 1/5 and N = 400, the expectation and variance of nB are 80 and 64 The standard deviation ... expected number of tails and the expected number of heads? Fred, who doesn’t know that the coin is unbiased, estimates the bias ˆ using f ≡ h/(h + t), where h and t are the numbers of heads and tails ... Entropy, and Inference Independence Two random variables X and Y are independent (sometimes written X⊥Y ) if and only if P (x, y) = P (x)P (y) (2.11) Exercise 2.2:A2 Are the random variables X and...

Ngày tải lên: 28/04/2014, 09:52

Ngày tải lên: 28/04/2014, 09:59

... Park and I W Sandberg, “Universal approximation using radial-basis-function networks, ” Neural Computation, vol 5, no 2, pp 305–316, 1993 [16] D F Specht, “Probabilistic neural networks, ” Neural Networks, ... [11] A K Jain and J Mao, Eds., “Special issue on artificial neural networks and statistical pattern recognition, ” IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol 8, no 1, 1997 [12] A Baraldi and N A Borghese, ... distributed random numbers between (0, 1); G is the current generation number; Gmax denotes the maximum number of generations; s is a shape function used in the function f (G); and and bi represent,...

Ngày tải lên: 23/06/2014, 01:20

... sequences using DWT and neural network DWT decomposes one original image into four sub-bands The transformed image includes one average component sub-band and three detail component sub-bands Each ... operation (FFT) and neural network In this paper, we proposed an efficient method that extracts text regions in video sequences or images using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and neural network ... sub-bands in Figure In next subsection, a neural network is employed to learn the features of candidate text regions obtained from those detail component sub-bands Finally, the well trained neural...

Ngày tải lên: 05/11/2012, 14:51

... artificial neural network DESIGN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODEL VERIFICATIONS OF MANN MODEL Neural networks are computer models that mimic the knowledge acquisition and organization skills of the human ... Jingsheng, SJ, Ortigao, AR, and Junli, B (1998) "Modular Neural Networks for Predicting Settlement during Tunneling," J Geotech ASCE, Vol 124, No 5, pp 389-395 Smith, RE, and Wahls, HE (1969) "Consolidation ... the training patterns was minimized Experiment were carried out using a number of combinations of input parameters to determine the neural network model that gave the smallest average of the sum...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2013, 15:01

... Hence, subtracting Eq (1.14) from (1.13) and then using the definition of Eq (1.15), we may write ^ yk E½ðxk À xk Þ~ T Š ¼ 0: ð1:17Þ ^ Using Eqs (1.3) and (1.12), we may express the state-error ... Wiley, 1986 [3] M.S Grewal and A.P Andrews, Kalman Filtering: Theory and Practice Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1993 [4] H.L Van Trees, Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory, Part ... scalar random variables; generalization of the theory to vector random variables is a straightforward matter Suppose we are given the observable yk ¼ xk þ vk ; where xk is an unknown signal and vk...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 13:15

... Saad, D.V Prokhorov, and D.C Wunsch III, ‘‘Comparative study of stock trend prediction using time delay, recurrent and probabilistic neural networks, ’’ IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 9, 1456–1470 ... Neutral Networks, Washington, DC, 1995, pp I-704–I709 [17] E.S Plumer, ‘‘Training neural networks using sequential extended Kalman filtering,’’ in Proceedings of the World Congress on Neural Networks, ... computationally effective neural network training methods that has enabled the application of feedforward and recurrent neural networks to problems in control, signal processing, and pattern recognition In...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 13:15

...  circle moving right and up; square moving right and down; triangle moving right and up; circle moving right and down; square moving right and up; triangle moving right and down Training was ... Cortex, 1, 1–47 (1991) [2] J.S Lund, Q Wu and J.B Levitt, ‘‘Visual cortex cell types and connections’’, in M.A Arbib, Ed., Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995 ... Perrett, ‘‘Modeling visual recognition from neurobiological constraints’’, Neural Networks, 7, 945–972 (1994) [5] M Mishkin, L.G Ungerleider and K.A Macko, ‘‘Object vision and spatial vision: Two...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 13:15

... selected similar to the noise-free case, and two distinct networks were trained using the noisy Lorenz signals with 25 dB SNR and 10 dB SNR, respectively The networks were trained with a learning ... used to train two distinct 6-6R-5R-1 networks using the first 5000 samples in the same fashion as in the noise-free case The right-hand plots of Figures 4.9a and 4.9b show the attractors of the ... in D.A Rand and L.S Young, Eds Dynamical Systems and Turbulence, Warwick 1980, Lecture Notes in Mathematics Vol 898 1981, p 230 Berlin: Springer-Verlag [6] A.M Fraser, ‘‘Information and entropy...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 13:15

... Atlas, ‘‘Recurrent neural networks and robust time series prediction,’’ IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 5(2), 240–254 (1994) [15] S.C Stubberud and M Owen, ‘‘Artificial neural network feedback ... Puskorius and L.A Feldkamp, ‘ Neural control of nonlinear dynamic systems with Kalman filter trained recurrent networks, ’’ IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, (1994) [32] E.S Plumer, ‘‘Training neural ... dynamic systems using Kalman filter representation AIAA Journal, 9, 28–31 (1971) [38] B.D Ripley, Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks Cambridge University Press, 1996 [39] T.M Cover and J.A Thomas,...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 13:15

... representing f using (6.13) with the substitutions uk , and z xkþ1 ; (2) representing f using x ðxk ; uk Þ, x xk , u u ;, and z xkþ1 ; and (3) representing g using the substitutions uk , and z yk ... estimation for nonlinear dynamical systems and also as a basis for on-line learning algorithms for feedforward neural networks [15] and radial basis function networks [16, 17] For more details, see ... of f and g and the noise covariances Given observations of the (no longer hidden) states and outputs, f and g can be obtained as the solution to a possibly nonlinear regression problem, and the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 13:15

... learning the parameters The use of the EKF for training neural networks has been developed by Singhal and Wu [8] and Puskorious and Feldkamp [9], and is covered in Chapter of this book The use of the ... estimation with neural networks Double Inverted Pendulum A double inverted pendulum (see Fig 7.4) has states corresponding to cart position and velocity, and top and _ _ _ bottom pendulum angle and angular ... filtering (CDF) techniques developed separately by Ito and Xiong [12] and Nørgaard, Poulsen, and Ravn [13] In [7] van der Merwe and Wan show how the UKF and CDF can be unified in a general family of derivativefree...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 13:15

... selected similar to the noise-free case, and two distinct networks were trained using the noisy Lorenz signals with 25 dB SNR and 10 dB SNR, respectively The networks were trained with a learning ... used to train two distinct 6-6R-5R-1 networks using the first 5000 samples in the same fashion as in the noise-free case The right-hand plots of Figures 4.9a and 4.9b show the attractors of the ... in D.A Rand and L.S Young, Eds Dynamical Systems and Turbulence, Warwick 1980, Lecture Notes in Mathematics Vol 898 1981, p 230 Berlin: Springer-Verlag [6] A.M Fraser, ‘‘Information and entropy...

Ngày tải lên: 23/12/2013, 07:16

... Atlas, ‘‘Recurrent neural networks and robust time series prediction,’’ IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 5(2), 240–254 (1994) [15] S.C Stubberud and M Owen, ‘‘Artificial neural network feedback ... Puskorius and L.A Feldkamp, ‘ Neural control of nonlinear dynamic systems with Kalman filter trained recurrent networks, ’’ IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, (1994) [32] E.S Plumer, ‘‘Training neural ... dynamic systems using Kalman filter representation AIAA Journal, 9, 28–31 (1971) [38] B.D Ripley, Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks Cambridge University Press, 1996 [39] T.M Cover and J.A Thomas,...

Ngày tải lên: 23/12/2013, 07:16

... learning the parameters The use of the EKF for training neural networks has been developed by Singhal and Wu [8] and Puskorious and Feldkamp [9], and is covered in Chapter of this book The use of the ... estimation with neural networks Double Inverted Pendulum A double inverted pendulum (see Fig 7.4) has states corresponding to cart position and velocity, and top and _ _ _ bottom pendulum angle and angular ... filtering (CDF) techniques developed separately by Ito and Xiong [12] and Nørgaard, Poulsen, and Ravn [13] In [7] van der Merwe and Wan show how the UKF and CDF can be unified in a general family of derivativefree...

Ngày tải lên: 23/12/2013, 07:16