nkt cell activation during microbial infection

... and numbers of cells expressing these proteins on their surface The formation of CD4gp160 complexes in intracellular compartments may contribute to cell surface CD4 down-modulation during HIV- All ... http://www.jnrbm.com/content/2/1/2 Stevenson M, Zhang XH and Volsky DJ Downregulation of cell surface molecules during noncytopathic infection of T cells with human immunodeficiency virus J Virol 1987, 61(12):37413748 ... 30 20 10 0 200 400 600 800 CD4 counts (cells/µl) 1000 B 12 CD8 mRNA 10 0 500 1000 1500 2000 CD8 counts (cells/µl) 2500 3000 Figure The relationship between cell counts and the quantity of mRNA...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 08:20

... have shown the crucial importance of T cells in the control and clearance of HBV infection This thesis will focus on two aspects of T cell responses during HBV infection, namely: 1) the factors that ... positive EBV transformed B cell lines, which trigger CD8+ T cell activation when pulsed with low (10pM) concentrations of Core18-27(I) peptide Instead, only minimal CD8+ T cell activation was observed ... influence the activation of the adaptive immunity and determine the eventual likelihood of developing chronicity 20 Even though the mechanisms of innate immunity activation during HBV infection...

Ngày tải lên: 10/09/2015, 08:26

... followed minor protein localization in mouse cells, cell death and the presence of apoptosis markers during their transient expression as well as during the infection cycle of wild-type (wt) MPyV and ... mock-transfected cells analysed at peak time (5 h post-transfection) For transfected cells, only the EGFP-positive population is presented For mock-infected cells and actinomycin D-induced cells, the whole cell ... in the infection process and are dispensable for cell death During infection, most of the minor capsid proteins become integral parts of capsomeres or virions apparently prevented from cell interactions...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 09:20

... associate with cargo, it has been suggested that viruses might target these cellular components during infection processes In human cells, the DYNLT1 and DYNLL1 homodimers bind to LGMAKITQVDF and KETQTP ... heart, baby let me go – the entry and intracellular transport of HIV J Cell Biol 159, 393–395 30 Greber UF & Way M (2006) A superhighway to virus infection Cell 124, 741–754 31 Dohner K, Nagel CH ... & Sodeik B (2004) Herpes simplex virus type infection of polarized epithelial cells requires microtubules and access to receptors present at cell- cell contact sites J Gen Virol 85, 775–786 Cunningham...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 22:20

... vaginal T cells at day 21 postinfection, CD28+ cells represented > 55% at day 28 postinfection As for CD152+ vaginal T cells, their percentage jumped from 36% at day 21 to > 72% at day 28 postinfection ... markers were noted during c the course of the infection Whereas about 40% of splenic T cells isolated from control mice were CD3+ T cells and about 14% were CD3+CD4+, > 80 of splenic T cells isolated ... of expression of several T-­ cell activation markers (CD25, CD28, CD69, and CTLA-­ or CD152) was evaluated on vaginal and peripheral T cells at several time points during ­ strogen-­ aintained...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 21:20

... of dead cells Autofluorescent compounds, believed to be antimicrobial molecules, also accumulated in whole edr2-6 cells in a similar pattern to that observed for the appearance of dead cells (data ... programmed cell death during the plant innate immune response Cell 2005, 121(4):567-577 Gilchrist DG: Mycotoxins reveal connections between plants and animals in apoptosis and ceramide signaling Cell ... necrotic tissue (average ± standard deviation, n = 10 leaves) Cell death was also monitored microscopically at various time points during the infection process under high inoculation density In wild-type...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:20

... expression on CD4 T cells was correlated with CD4 T cell count, viral load and coinfections [4] Successful antiretroviral therapy was reported to decrease the levels of T cell activation markers, ... of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to in vitro HIV-1 infection Susceptibility of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to in vitro HIV-1 infection PBMCs (105 cells/well in 96-well microplates) ... apparent resistance to infection in this group From the studies conducted, we found lower levels of CD4 T cell activation and reduced in vitro susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in exposed seronegative...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 09:20

... Unintended PMN -activation during cell separation was ruled out by comparison of isolated PMN to leukocytes from whole blood Activation protocol modelling different stages of sepsis Activation protocol ... and cell activation on PMN adhesion Adhesion of neutrophils under different activation protocols (mean ± SEM; n = 4), (a) non-activated controls, (b) activation with 100 ng/ml LPS and (c) activation ... and cell activation on PMN rolling Rolling of neutrophils under different activation protocols (mean ± SEM; n = 4), (a) non-activated controls, (b) activation with 100 ng/ml LPS and (c) activation...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 21:21

... of cell polarity during cell migration, we performed a woundhealing assay using Cas deficient CasKo cells (homozygous null Cas knockout cells) and CasWt cells (generated by transfecting CasKo cells ... wound-induced activation of Cdc42 was reduced in CasKo cells compared to CasWt cells To further confirm the reduced activation of Cdc42 in CasKo cells, we examined the activity of Cdc42 in both cell lines ... CasKo cells (Fig 5C) These data suggest that Src phosphorylates Cas to induce cell polarization and migration during wound healing Nck2 is crucial for cell polarization and Cdc42 activation during...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 03:20

... two kinase families during mast -cell activation Tec family kinases (TFKs) represent another class of protein tyrosine kinases that are implicated in FceRI-mediated mast -cell activation [22] The ... either IL-3 or IL-3 ⁄ stem cell factor yielded higher numbers of mast cells compared with wild-type cultures [37,64,65] Btk-null mast cells showed reduced cell death during BMMC culture and this ... increased cell numbers, because Btk-deficient mast cells die more slowly upon IL-3 deprivation than wild-type cells [64,65] Btk-deficient mast cells showed reduced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1 ⁄ activation...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 22:21

... transduction), cell growth (cell proliferation, positive regulation of cell proliferation, cell cycle, positive regulation of mitosis, negative regulation of cell proliferation, and multicellular organism ... in various crucial cell processes, such as mitosis, differentiation, oncogenesis, and apoptosis, by regulating signal transduction pathways [13] With the use of in vitro cell activation and miRNA ... biosynthesis of steroids, have been shown to participate in the activation of HSCs (Table 2) A wide variety of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and stress responses,...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 01:20

... During bacterial infection these LP may be involved in the initiation of the response of the innate immune system and activation ⁄ modulation of antigen-presenting cells including dendritic cells, ... head group for TLR2 activation In order to define the structural requirements for the lipid moiety of LP during TLR2 activation, independent from a coreceptor bias, HEK293 cells transfected with ... 10 3 35 40 431 147 108 75 13 or moderate in HEK293-muTLR2 cells but was absent in HEK293-huTLR2 cells A strong response of HEK293-muTLR2 cells was observed upon stimulation with PamDod2C-SSNASK4,...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 11:20

... assistance during locomotor training on lower limb kinematics and muscle activation patterns of patients with spinal cord injury Two groups reported that healthy subjects alter muscle activation ... phase activation by resisting plantar flexion The orthosis added mass to the lower limb, but this should have only affected swing phase muscle activation rather than stance phase muscle activation ... joint perturbation during gait: neuronal control of movement trajectory Experimental Brain Research 2004, 158:308-316 Hidler JM, Wall AE: Alterations in muscle activation patterns during robotic-assisted...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... importance of intraovarian cell- cell interactions during follicular development from preantral to early antral stage Formation of the theca cell layer The role of theca cells in follicular function ... granulosa cell estrogen biosynthesis and enhanced early follicular growth by androgenic products of the theca cell [17-21] Granulosa-stromal (pretheca) cell interaction The origin of theca cells ... oocyte-granulosa-theca cell interactions paracrine factors from granulosa cells governing theca cell differentiation have been reported in humans [25] Huang et al reported that the combination of two granulosa cell- produced...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 07:20

... T -cell activation We used up-regulation of the cell- surface marker CD69 in T cells to monitor TCR activation; CD69 as an activation marker has been well validated [6], more recently using T cells ... retroviral infection to subsequence T -cell activation As shown in Figure 6a (left panels), fresh PBL contained both T cells and B cells The combined CD4+ and CD8+ cells represented T cells (about ... TRAC-1 cell lines (data not shown) After allowing cells to rest for days following infection, we flow-sorted cells into two populations: GFP-negative and GFP-positive Exact numbers of sorted cells...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 18:20

... E- and P-cadherin during the early stages of apoptosis Cell Death Differ 1999, 6:377-386 Brancolini C, Lazarevic D, Rodriguez J, Schneider C: Dismantling cell- cell contacts during apoptosis is ... morphogenesis Nat Cell Biol 2007, 9:57-63 Ryoo HD, Gorenc T, Steller H: Apoptotic cells can induce com pensatory cell proliferation through the JNK and the Wingless signaling pathways Dev Cell 2004, ... Meanwhile, neighboring cells form new adherens junctions with each other and close the gap created by the retraction of the dying cell tissues [14] This implies that a dying cell can send signals...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 19:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 20:23

... removed again and cells were restimulated with × 106 irradiated (2500 rads) syngeneic spleen cells (antigenpresenting cells [APCs]) and specific peptide antigen (10 µg/ml) These T -cell lines were ... Ontario, Canada) Cells were then cultured in Falcon 96-well U-bottom tissue culture plates (Beckton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) at a concentration of × 105 cells/well Cell cultures contained ... T cells In the present study we examined candidate arthritogenic antigens for predicted T -cell immunogenicity in the context of DR4 using a model for peptide–MHC affinity, and we addressed T-cell...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 01:21

... on T cells and antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, which play major roles in immune tumor surveillance Targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy may thus control cancer cell growth ... Schwartz B, Shan M, Simantov R, Bukowski RM, TARGET Study Group: Sorafenib in advanced clear -cell renal -cell carcinoma N Engl J Med 2007, 356:125-134 Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, Michaelson ... al., Abscess formation mimicking disease progression, in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma during sunitinib treatment World Journal of Surgical Oncology 2010, 8:45 Page of ...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 03:21

... receptor expression on human and mouse immune cell subsets Monocyte/ macrophages Plasmacytoid dendritic cells Myeloid dendritic cells B cells T cells TLR1 m, h – m, h m, h ? TLR2 m, h – m, h ... modulates dendritic cell functions Dendritic cells play a central role in coordinating both adaptive antimicrobial immunity and control of tolerance [60] Immature dendritic cells process microbial antigens ... regulatory T cells Thus, dendritic cells exposed to microbial PAMPs signal for proliferation of T cells specific for microbial antigens as well as for autoreactive T cells, which may link host defence...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 07:20