nicotinic acetylcholine receptors structure and functional properties

... essential in order to obtain quaternary structures larger than hexamers, and that different quaternary structures exhibit different cooperative and allosteric properties [18,41,42] Furthermore, the ... in Table 1, C or I, and, to some extent, also I* and C* The lower stability of Hc from nonpeneid Crustacea yields a structure where divalent ions (such as Ca2+ and Mg2+) and pH regulate the oligomerization ... Beltramini et al P monodon hemocyanin structure and function equilibrium constant, lo, describes the ratio of conformations r and t in the absence of ligand: lo ¼ ½t0 Š ½r0 Š Three-state MWC...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 13:20

... (2002) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and epilepsy Curr Drug Target CNS Neurol Disord 1, 443–448 10 Sciamanna, M.A., Griesmann, G.E., Williams, C.L & Lennon, V.A (1997) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ... subunit-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors J Neurosci 23, 8445–8452 55 Loughnan, M.L., Nicke, A., Jones, A., Adams, D.J., Alewood, P.F & Lewis, R.J (2004) Chemical and functional identification and ... of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in acute and chronic neurodegeneration Curr Drug Target CNS Neurol Disord 1, 399–411 Geerts, H., Finkel, L., Carr, R & Spiros, A (2002) Nicotinic receptor...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 12:20

... Antil, S., Bertrand, D., Corringer, P.J., ´ Changeux, J.P & Menez, A (1998) Functional determinants by which snake and cone snail toxins block the alpha neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors J ... Bertrand, D & Kini, R.M (2002) Candoxin, a novel toxin from Bungarus candidus is a reversible antagonist of muscle (abcd) but a poorly reversible antagonist of neuronal alpha nicotinic acetylcholine ... the resolution of the X-ray and NMR structures of the Wntx called bucandin and WTX [16,27,28] When we started this work, 22 amino acid sequences of Wntxs were known and it was clear to us that...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 03:20

... nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) belong to the a and aA families On the basis of the number of residues between the second and third cysteines and on the spacing between the third and ... influence the affinity and selectivity of a-conotoxin MI for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Biochemistry 38, 13310–13315 23 Dutton JL & Craik DJ (2001) a-Conotoxins: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ... (2003) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from structure to brain function Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 147, 1–46 Valera S, Ballivet M & Bertrand D (1992) Progesterone modulates a neuronal nicotinic...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 11:20

... (222), (400), (422), (511) and (440) These planes are indications of the presence of a spinel cubic structure The diffraction lines corresponding to a cubic, spinel-type and crystalline phase provides ... cell and N is the Avogadro’s number Since each primitive unit cell of the spinel structure contains molecules, the X-ray density, ‘D X’ was determined according to the following relation and is ... X-ray, θ the angle between the incident and diffracted beams (degree) and d the particle size of the sample (nm) (in Table 1) 3.2 FT-IR spectroscopy The band wavenumber v1 , v2, (Table 2) generally...

Ngày tải lên: 13/02/2014, 04:20

... lanes 2,3 and 4, lower band) The levels of mutant and wild-type MCPIP mRNAs were higher when these vectors were co-transfected with a vector overexpressing IL-1b (Fig 5, lanes and 4, upper bands) ... strongly activated by LPS, TNFa and phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) Moreover, we found that MCPIP has RNase properties and regulates the half-life of IL-1b mRNA and its own transcript Overexpression ... intermediate levels in heart and placenta, and the lowest levels in spleen, kidney, liver and lung The transcript was not detectable in brain, thymus, muscles, small intestine and colon (Fig 3A) The...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 14:20

... enzyme with respect to its catalytic properties and crystal structure The crystal structures of ChiG and ChiC [18] permitted structural comparison between bacterial and plant enzymes, which provided ... extended towards Cys183 in ChiC (and in the plant enzymes) Compared to the barley enzyme, ChiC and ChiG lack three loops (A, B and C) and a C-terminal extension (Figs and 4B) In addition, one other ... experiments and helpful discussions, and May Bente Brurberg and Svein Horn for helpful discussions The authors acknowledge the beamline staff at ID14-EH3 for technical assistance, and the ESRF and the...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 11:20

... FEBS C Bottcher and S Pollmann ¨ for growth inhibitory effects and the development of necrotic lesions [56] Studies on flu and the flu ⁄ dde2-2 double mutant indicated that OPDA and ⁄ or dnOPDA ... but also directly to enzymes and transcription factors OPDA: an independent regulator of gene expression Given the functional and structural differences between OPDA and JA, it is exciting to presume ... functions and catalysis J Plant Physiol 163, 348–357 12 Schewe T (1998) Basic functions of lipoxygenases and their products in higher plants In Eicosanoids and Related Compounds in Plants and Animals...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 02:20

... neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors J Biol Chem 280, 80–87 Nicke A, Wonnacott S & Lewis RJ (2004) a-Conotoxins as tools for the elucidation of structure and function of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine ... studies on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) [6,7] because they can distinguish between different nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes For example, a-conotoxins GI, MI and SIA ... Nierop P, Bertrand S, Munno DW, Gouwenberg Y, van Minnen J, Spafford JD, Syed NI, Bertrand D & Smit AB (2006) Identification and functional expression of a family of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 13:20

... temperature and vanishes at 1000 K Among all iron oxides, Fe3O4 and g-Fe2O3 exhibit the largest saturation magnetization of 84 and 74 Am2/kg, respectively The slightly decreasing feature between 800 and ... Science Foundation of China (Grants nos 59725103, 50332020, and 50171070), and the scientific exchange program between China and The Netherlands References [1] A Hoel, L.F Reyes, P Heszler, V Lantto, ... WO2 and part of the W could be oxidized to WO3 after air annealing at 573 K Iron and its oxide could be indexed in the XRD patterns of both samples However, the weak diffraction peaks for iron and...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 13:08

... Hemoglobin and Myoglobin and Their Reactions with Ligands Elsevier, North-Holland Publishing, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Dickerson, R.E & Geis, I (1983) Hemoglobin: Structure, Function, Evolution and ... in the crystal structure of Pe metHbH2O [16] and as conrmed herein by solution 1H NMR of Pe metMbCN Proximal and distal residues are shown as rectangles and circles, respectively, and arrows connecting ... ligand to participate in H-bonding to the ligated cyanide The van der Waals surfaces for the Tyr32(B10) Og and the 10 tilted cyanide ligand are shown in Fig and establish that the Tyr Og and...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 17:22

... that the structure includes the two layer stacks of TiO2 and ZrO2 films and that the interface layer is observed between the ZrO2 film and the Si substrate The physical thickness of ZrO2 and TiO2 ... 22(4):1342 19 Zhao X, Vanderbilt D: Structural and dielectric properties of amorphous ZrO2 and HfO2 Phys Rev B 2006, 74:12108 20 Wong H, Iwai H: On the scaling issues and high-κ replacement of ... strain and dielectric properties in ZrTiO4 thin films Appl Phys Lett 2000, 76:3043 22 Wang H, Wang Y, Feng J, Ye C, Wang BY, Wang HB, Li Q, Jiang Y, Huang AP, Xiao ZS: Structure and electrical properties...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 21:20

... ions and both the O and the ions in A sites and not contain the vibration of the ions in B sites at all [23, 24] Figure shows the Raman spectra measured at 293 K for the Fe3O4, Zn0.41Fe2.59O4, and ... was fitted by two peaks at 648 and 679 cm-1 In fact, the Raman modes at 653 and 648 cm-1 are ascribed to the oxygen breathing vibrations against zinc; and the 681 and Fig The top view SEM micrographs ... DMABFe(NO3)3-Zn(NO3)2 solutions at 80°C by adjusting the Zn(NO3)2 concentration The dependence of structure and magnetic properties of the ZnxFe3-xO4 ferrite films on the Zn content was studied 1519 diffraction...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 17:20

... that the observed dielectric and ferroelectric properties of BNTZ ceramics largely depended on compositional and crystal structure changes Optimization of these properties could be achieved by ... zirconate experiment and analysis and drafted the manuscript PJ participated as the assistant for the research experiment AW and SJ participated in the conception and design of the study and revised the ... PANalytical B.V., Almelo, The Netherlands) with CuKa radiation was used to investigate the phase and crystal structure of the sintered ceramics The preliminary crystal structure details were calculated...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 17:20

... three emission bands assigned to the UV band-edge emission (368 nm), the violet emission (420 nm), and the blue emission (457 nm) The blue shift of the UV band-edge emission and the blue emission ... 380 nm and the visible emission band ranging from 440 to 600 nm [34] In general, the emission band in the visible region is associated with structural defects in ZnO [5] The UV near-band-edge ... interface traps and the valence band Similar results have also been reported in the ZnO/SBA-15 Nanoscale Res Lett (2009) 4:646–654 nanocomposite [12] The weak and broad blue emission band centered...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 00:20

... 10, 100 and 1000 Hz (Fig 5f) We observe a frequency-independent peak at 40.5 K, 123 The rich structure of the M(T) curves can be analyzed by considering magnetic properties of the b-MnO2 and a-Mn2O3 ... strength and then 50 ml of the solution was sealed in an 80 ml teflon-lined autoclave Hydrothermal synthesis was performed at 100 °C for 48 h The product was filtered and rinsed with ethanol and dried ... pyrolusite tetragonal structure with a = 4.40410 A, ˚ c = 2.87650 A and space group P42/mnm, whereas the minority phase could be indexed to the a-Mn2O3 ˚ bixbyte orthorhombic structure with a =...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 22:20

... muscle-type nicotinic receptors and neuronal-type nicotinic receptors In the muscle-type receptors, found at the neuromuscular junction, receptors are either the embryonic form, composed of α1, β1, δ, and ... similarities with GABAA receptors, glycine receptors, and the type serotonin receptors (which are all ionotropic receptors) , or the signature Cys-loop proteins Nicotinic receptors are broadly classified ... α4β2, and α7 In both muscletype and neuronal-type receptors, the subunits are somewhat similar to one another, especially in the hydrophobic regions Binding the channel For ligands, see Nicotinic...

Ngày tải lên: 29/07/2014, 00:20

... Tree structure, and functional leaf traits 557 Table II Results of the two-way ANOVA testing, the effects of light availability and architectural stage of development (ASD 1, and 3)1 on leaf and ... bins between and 50 àmol m2 s1 and in 100 àmol m2 s1 bins between 50 and 2050 àmol m2 s1 PPFD was simultaneously recorded for the individuals in the understorey and in clearing (ASD 1, and 3) by ... The ASD effect was to increase Na and Nm in the understorey and clearing Na and Nm were maximal at ASD and decreased at ASD The comparisons between ASDs at low and medium light revealed a decrease...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 00:22

... the structure and functions of plant cell walls Reticulation may be of importance in durability and mechanical properties, as recently discussed in the case of cell wall proteins by Cassab and ... repetitive and more flexible structures, such as macromolecular systems, can be self- lignin macromolecules, explaining their functional fitness and the biological significance of the ’random process’ ... monocotyledons (grasses and bamboos) and Salicaceae (poplars) Ester bonds of phenolic acids to C and Cy-hydroxyls of a monomeric propane chains (Fig 1C5to Molecular associations and cell wall lignification...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 03:24

... TIMP-neutralizing properties and thereby modulate MMP9 activity Finally, the presence of TIMP-specific autoimmunity is associated with a nondestructive course of RA R1015 Materials and methods Patients and ... activation Several functional properties of TIMPs are of potential importance in the pathogenesis of arthritis Overexpression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 is associated with inhibition of apoptosis and invasive ... Extracellular stimulation with TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 is recognized by specific surface receptors and activates cascades dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and on tyrosine kinase [22] An...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 06:23