new findings and solutions

... shown that a large Rs will induce the decrease of FF and JSC By reducing Rs, FF and JSC are increased and thus the 18 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions device performance is improved At the ... III: thickness is longer than both hole and electron drift lengths 8 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions If L is longer than drift lengths of electrons and holes, that is to say that the lifetimes ... cell, the D and A materials are well blended and form the active layer Because the D and A domains are very small, we can neglect the complex reflection and transmission at D/A interfaces, and treat...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... (nm) Fig Transmittance spectra, ZnO/Glass and ZnO/FTO (a), AZO/Glass and AZO/FTO (b), IZO/Glass and IZO/FTO (c) 35 36 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions Fig Photoconductivity spectra versus ... substrate and front electrodes Although, this part 52 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions of light spectrum contains very little intensity and consequently not have a major contribution and i.e ... al., 1994; He et al., 1999; Tennakone et al., 1999; 28 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions Bandara & Tennakone, 2001) and composite nanocrystalline materials (Palomares et al., 2003; Kay...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... cell materials and manufacturing techniques 66 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions are suitable and applicable for flexible and non-transparent textiles, especially tapes and fibers, with ... 2dsinθB = nλ (3.1.1) 76 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions where n is the order of reflection and θB is the Brag angle The crystal surface is the entrance and exit reference plane for the X-ray ... (Andreev et al, 1996) 78 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions The results of study the crystallization process in the temperature range 650-400 oC demonstrate precise layer composition and...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... electrons and holes relax to the band edges 106 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions Most low band gap polymers are from the material classes of thiophene, fluorene, carbazole, and cylopentadithiophene ... cells – ligand exchange from original long alkyl ligands to shorter molecules e.g pyridine, and chemical surface treatment and washing for reducing the ligand shell A combination of ligand shell ... performance of hybrid solar cells (down) 102 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions Pyridine ligand exchange is the most commonly used and effective postsynthetic procedure so far, leading to...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... 1,8-di(R)octanes with 136 16 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH R = Cl, CN, and CO2 CH3 showed large scale phase separation with round-shape domains and no indication of a bicontinuous ... improvement In order to understand the difference in charge transport properties in treated 142 22 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH and untreated cells, dark IV curves ... and evaluated unevenness of the granule size was ranged from to 3nm, according to high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) In the HWD, on the other hand, 150 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... tropical and rainforests are being 188 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions cut down for different purpose and by different reason and some of the forest are being burned for slash and burn ... Oxidation and a Study of Its Physical and Electrical Properties Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol.51, No.3-4, (February 1998), pp 305-316, ISSN 0927-0248 184 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions ... cultivate with 196 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions wastewater containing other reduced organic and inorganic compounds and exhaust containing carbon dioxide, and the electrochemical reducing...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... parameters describing the position and curvature of the conduction band bottom and the valence band top Then, the miniband structure of the conduction and valence bands can be calculated with the ... by the top of the highest VB miniband and the bottom of the block of higher CB minibands) and a single intermediate band formed by the first (lowest) CB miniband This simplification allows us to ... detached miniband and a continuous block of minibands above it The VB minibands (not shown in Fig 10) overlap Thus, the model with a single intermediate band (formed by the first CB miniband) within...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... substrates and thin metal foils), and, which can be wound on a roll 262 Solar Cells New Aspects and Solutions (Krebs, 2009a) Various coating and printing techniques including knife-over-edge coating and ... Pt particles (Figs 8d and e, and conditions f and g in Table 1, respectively) increased photocurrent density (jSC) and conversion efficiency (S) (Fig 11c, and conditions f and g in Table 2) The ... researches, production methods, and materials used and 256 Solar Cells New Aspects and Solutions application areas will be recounted Finally, suggestions on future studies and the conclusions will...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... successive immersion of TiO2 electrodes in ionic precursor solutions of cadmium and selenium 290 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions Aqueous solutions were employed in all cases A 0.5 M (CH3COO)2Cd ... results, for light transmission, absorption and loss in fiber-based organic solar cells using ray tracing 276 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions and optical path iteration A patent was developed ... photovoltaic tape and fiber by modifying planar organic solar cell sequence The non-transparent and non-conductive polymeric materials (PP tapes and fibers) were used as substrate and dip coating and thermal...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... J (2003) Electrical and chemical characterization of the Schottky barrier formed between 324 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions clean n-GaN (0001) surfaces and Pt, Au, and Ag, Journal of ... electrons (and light and heavy holes in the valence band); photo-excited electrons escape thermionically from the wells and form excess current in the conduction band On the other hand, incident ... both the PEDOT:PSS and PANI samples Their thicknesses unintentionally differed due to differences in the viscosities of their source solutions 312 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions In order...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions Where Eg is optical band gap and the constant n is 1/2 for direct band gap material and n is for indirect band gap The value of the optical band gap, Eg, ... Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions tandem solar cells and moderately efficient organic based photovoltaic solar cells (Sean and Ghassan, 2005; Currie et al., 2008) The technology and science ... p-n and p-i-n based solar cell design with ZnO and TiO2 are an n-type layer and CuSCN as a p-type layer Fig Solar Cell Design (a) p-n and (b) p-i-n structure 352 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... such as a-Si/a-SiGe/a-SiGe(tandem) and a-Si/nc-Si/nc-Si (tandem) SCs The last efficiency reported for a-Si/a-SiGe/a-SiGe(tandem) is about 10.4% and for a-Si/nc-Si/nc-Si (tandem) is approximately ... dissipation and work production We found that this antenna pigments make 77% of all 380 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions pigment molecula in a photosystem Their existance and participation ... potential barrier formed by the ultrathin native oxide films, Ael and L are the electrical 392 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions area and the length of the investigated structure, respectively,...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... solar cell and module Solar Energy, Vol.77, No.6, pp 939–949 414 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions Yan, B.; Yue, G.; Xu, X.; Yang, J.; and Guha, S (2010) High efficiency amorphous and nanocrystalline ... between 2.6×10-4 and 4.7×10-4cm2V-1s-1 and similar absorption spectra, covering the whole visible region 442 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions Chart BDT based narrow band gap polymers ... pp.183107-1 – 183107-3 432 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions Shinar, R.; Shinar, J (2009) Organic Electronics in Sensors and Biotechnology., McGrawHill, New York Shirakawa, H (2001) Die Entdeckung...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... The small band gap and lowest LUMO energy level render silole outstanding optoelectronic properties such as high PL efficiency and excellent electron mobility (Chen & Cao, 2007) Random and alternating ... 5.1% with Jsc = 12.7 mA/cm2, Voc=0.68 V and FF = 0.55 Chart 13 Structures of low band gap polymers P33, P34 and P35 468 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions Conclusion In this chapter, main ... issue, alkyl and alkoxyl chains were attached to the thienopyrazine moiety and another two low band gap polymers P25 and P26 were synthesized by copolymerization between thienopyrazine and fluorene...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... combined CdS/CdSe (●) and CdSe without a preadsorbed CdS QD layer (○) 486 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions Fig Dependence of the photovoltaic parameters( (c) FF and (d) η ) on the adsorption ... 490 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions On the other hand, similar electrical properties were obtained in InGaAsN grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and molecular beam ... the permittivity of the semiconductor material, and e is the elementary charge of an electron C0, NT, ND, and  492 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions denote the junction capacitance at reverse...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... shown that a large Rs will induce the decrease of FF and JSC By reducing Rs, FF and JSC are increased and thus the 18 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions device performance is improved At the ... (nm) Fig Transmittance spectra, ZnO/Glass and ZnO/FTO (a), AZO/Glass and AZO/FTO (b), IZO/Glass and IZO/FTO (c) 35 36 Solar Cells – New Aspects and Solutions Fig Photoconductivity spectra versus ... cell, the D and A materials are well blended and form the active layer Because the D and A domains are very small, we can neglect the complex reflection and transmission at D/A interfaces, and treat...

Ngày tải lên: 26/06/2014, 23:20

... More Java™ Pitfalls 50 New Time-Saving Solutions and Workarounds More Java™ Pitfalls 50 New Time-Saving Solutions and Workarounds Michael C Daconta Kevin T Smith Donald ... you are running in order to use the appropriate command interpreter After execing the command interpreter, we handle the standard error and standard input streams with the StreamGobbler class The ... thread to handle each incoming client connection You would see a code snippet like this: while (true) { Socket s = serverSocket.accept(); Thread handler = new Thread (new SocketHandler(s)); handler.start();...

Ngày tải lên: 24/01/2014, 14:20

... you are running in order to use the appropriate command interpreter After execing the command interpreter, we handle the standard error and standard input streams with the StreamGobbler class The ... command-line buffer Here arehttp://www.simpopdf.comthe standard and Split Unregistered Version - the key lines of code to capture output and standard error to a file: FileOutputStream err = new ... thread to handle each incoming client connection You would see a code snippet like this: while (true) { Socket s = serverSocket.accept(); Thread handler = new Thread (new SocketHandler(s)); handler.start();...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 08:20

... you are running in order to use the appropriate command interpreter After execing the command interpreter, we handle the standard error and standard input streams with the StreamGobbler class The ... command-line buffer Here arehttp://www.simpopdf.comthe standard and Split Unregistered Version - the key lines of code to capture output and standard error to a file: FileOutputStream err = new ... thread to handle each incoming client connection You would see a code snippet like this: while (true) { Socket s = serverSocket.accept(); Thread handler = new Thread (new SocketHandler(s)); handler.start();...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 12:21

... Reactor * Handle -void select() -void register_handler(h:h) -void handle_events() * Figure 2.2 The Reactor pattern EventHandler ConcreteEventHandler Simpo PDF NIO Performance and Pitfalls ... BadLoggerExample2, where we add a FileHandler to test this On lines 20 and 21 of Listing 5.2, we create a new FileHandler to write to the log file log.xml, and we add that handler to our Logger object 01: ... Relationship between Handlers and Loggers As we mentioned before, there are default levels of handlers By default, all ConsoleHandlers log at the Level.INFO level, and all FileHandlers log at the...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 12:21