new approaches to old problems and current approaches to new problems

... these 10 factors yielded more mouse ESC-like colonies as compared to when all 24 factors were used With this smaller pool of factors, Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya Yamanaka attempted to further ... modulators Transcription factors are DNAbinding proteins that can recognise and bind to specific DNA consensus sequences and modulate gene expression They commonly bind to the regulatory elements of genes ... embryo11 and are characterised by their ability to divide indefinitely in culture as well as give rise to all cell types in the body This intrinsic and unique ability to differentiate into various...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 18:56

... and challenge to ascribe functional significance to disease-associated noncoding mutations [122] Doing so will require both an ability to identify and obtain cell types relevant to disease, and ... transcription factor and coactivator occupancy at regulatory elements CTCF, CCCTC-binding factor, insulator associated protein; ESC, embryonic stem cell; H3K4me1, methylation of lysine of histone H3; ... epigenetic landscapes In this section, we summarize studies comparing DNA methylation and histone modification patterns in ESCs and iPSCs Sources of variation in iPSC and hESC epigenetic landscapes...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... might be possible to combine multiple approaches to achieve this, such as combining episomal vectors for gene delivery and small molecules to improve reprogramming efficiency and shorten the time ... even more desirable is to avoid genetic material and manipulation altogether Indeed, the number of reprogramming factors required to generate iPSCs has been reduced [20,21], and neural stem cells ... selection, and without the need for further genetic manipulation However, the protocol as it stands now requires the delivery into somatic cells of a large number of genes (six reprogramming factors...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 21:20

... obtained 10g of bacto-tryptone, 5g yeast extract and 10g of NaCl was added to the water, and the pH value was adjusted to 7.5 15g of agar was added, and the total volume was added to 1000ml The solution ... differentiation towards certain lineages, or result in the formation of tumors To avoid such problems, various groups tried to develop methods to generate IPSCs without the integration of vectors into the ... which regulate the self-renewal and pluripotency of mESCs and hESCs Compared to somatic stem cells where self-renewal is due to asymmetrical cell division, the self-renewal of ESCs results from...

Ngày tải lên: 30/09/2015, 10:13

... Fig 2.1b Use the same tools to dissect each embryo from the placenta and membranes, and discard soft tissues as much as possible Transfer clean embryos into new petri dishes and mince thoroughly ... conditions are not appropriate for clinical and industrial purposes due to variations between batches of FBS and MEFs, and to the risk of exposure of the cells to animal pathogens Modifications that ... Injecting Cells 93 6.3 Formation of Teratomas 93 6.3.1 Protocol for Teratoma Formation 93 6.3.2 Routine Treatment of Mice and Teratoma 93 References 103 Contents...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 09:20

... during inflammatory processes and after X-irradiation treatments remains to be further evaluated Neural progenitor and stem cells express receptors, and respond to trophic factors and cytokines Hence, ... self-repair and that newborn neuronal cells may contribute to the functioning, and physioand pathology of the CNS [36] However, adult NSCs remain elusive cells and to be unequivocally identified and ... DG, and is modulated by environmental stimuli, trophic factors/cytokines, drug treatments, and in various physio- and pathological conditions, like 128 neurological diseases and disorders [32] Newborn...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 17:20

... as the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, and culminate in near global neurodegeneration Two hallmark pathologies are used to diagnose AD definitively and both are thought to be crucial in disease ... invaluably to our current understanding of AD, fail to recapitulate AD pathogenesis fully Mouse models that overexpress fAD-mutant forms of APP and/ or presenilin develop plaques but fail to develop ... receptor SORL1 Sporadic Sortilin-related receptor [8,9] Complement cascade regulation GWAS [22] Low density lipoprotein receptor family member, possible role in endocytosis and sorting Candidate...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... and AR50249 from to National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases to SCG and CHE, by grant STE 1051/2-1 from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) to AFS and UN, and ... p-nitrophenol (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA), and normalized to the DNA content and given as relative ALP activity in U/μg Histological and immunohistochemical analyses For histological analyses, aggregates ... cloned into λ gt10 bacteriophage vectors (ATCC No 40342; Manassas, VA, USA) was isolated and purified according to standard protocols [21] The isolated λ gt10 DNA was then digested with EcoRI to release...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... of 12 ability of Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog to regulate histone modifications expands our understanding of how the core transcriptional factors regulate chromatin structure to ultimately promote a pluripotent ... found to bind multiple ubiquitous chromatin complexes and RNA-binding proteins, leading to the proposal that lincRNAs function as ‘flexible scaffolds’ to recruit differ­ ent protein complexes into ... humans Proposed to cooperate with CHD7 to regulate genes involved in Alagille, Pallister-Hall and Feingold syndromes [76] CHD7 Binds with core ESC factors and p300 at gene enhancers to modulate ESC-specific...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... quantitative PCR, and Bio-Plex; CIA induction and evaluation; humoral and cellular responses; and analysis of T-cell proliferation LG contributed to CIA induction and evaluation and to analysis of ... PBS-treated control animals To verify whether the failure of MSCs to affect clinical scores of arthritis was also reflected in cellular and humoral autoimmune responses, DTH and total anti-CII IgG were ... proliferation and cytokine production, the sera of anti-CD3-injected and MSC-treated mice were analyzed for cytokines The serum of mice was pooled per group and analyzed for the T-cell cytokines IL-2,...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 11:23

... Thomson and colleagues [7] was demonstrated to possess relatively high tolerance to prolonged durations of low temperature exposure Even after 24 and 48 h exposure to 25oC and 4oC, at least 65% to ... (n=200); and 97.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% respectively for 24h exposure to 25oC (n=200) The proportion of Grade A, B and C colonies were 95.5%, 2.5% and 2.0% respectively for 48h exposure to 4oC (n=200); and ... as to enable some of the cells to undergo mitosis Mitotic hESC were then arrested at metaphase by colcemid treatment (0.1 μg/ml) for 16-18 h Subsequently, the cells were subjected to hypotonic...

Ngày tải lên: 31/10/2012, 16:57

... perpetuated to more distal regions as the process of differentiation proceeds Histone modifications and factor recruitment corresponding to a transcriptionally permissive state appear to be acquired ... number of prehematopoietic precursor cell populations and undergoes a number of alterations in chromatin structure and factor recruitment as these cells progress towards hematopoietic commitment ... However, in contrast to the b-globin LCR and the VpreB1 and k5 gene locus, the a-globin regulatory elements not recruit RNA Pol II and it appears that recruitment of RNA Pol II to the a-globin gene...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 12:20

... LEFTY1 and TDGF1 were highly expressed in hES cells (Figure 7) The expression of OCT4 by hES cells was upregulated by 12fold, LEFTY1 by 70-fold and TDGF1 by 19-fold compared to EB Compared to adult ... 4,324-fold, LEFTY1 by 769-fold, and TDGF1 by 2,443-fold We did not find that Nanog was upregulated in hES cells by microarray analysis, and by qRT-PCR its expression was increased by only 3-fold ... to EB cells and 25-fold to adult cells This discrepancy may have resulted from the fact that microarray platform is less sensitive than qRT-PCR Analysis by qRT-PCR confirmed that both HAND1 and...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 15:20

... apoptotic proteins Of these, five proteins were characterized as common in the apoptotic pathway including cytochrome C, apoptosis inducing factor (AIFM1), caspase 6, tumor necrosis factor ligand ... (TNFL 6) and tumor necrosis factor receptor super family 12A (TNFR 12A or TWEAK) These proteins were involved in both mitochondrial dependent apoptosis (intrinsic mechanism) and death receptor mediated ... addressed in several studies Cytochrome C and apoptosis inducing factor (AIFM1) are the main common components of the intrinsic and the mitochondria dependent apoptotic pathway The activation of...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... Surgery and Research 2007, 2:15 Background Steroids are indicated for many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and severe acute respiratory ... rabbits were kept in cage and received a standard laboratory diet and had free access to food and water ad libitum All animal experiment procedures described below were reviewed and approved by the ... single ON lesion and rabbits with multiple ON lesions using our established experimental model [11] Methods Animals and treatment Twenty-five 28–30-week old male mature New Zealand White rabbits...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 00:20

... apoptotic proteins Of these, five proteins were characterized as common in the apoptotic pathway including cytochrome C, apoptosis inducing factor (AIFM1), caspase 6, tumor necrosis factor ligand ... (TNFL 6) and tumor necrosis factor receptor super family 12A (TNFR 12A or TWEAK) These proteins were involved in both mitochondrial dependent apoptosis (intrinsic mechanism) and death receptor mediated ... addressed in several studies Cytochrome C and apoptosis inducing factor (AIFM1) are the main common components of the intrinsic and the mitochondria dependent apoptotic pathway The activation of...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 04:20

... post-mitotic Thus, signaling to progenitor/stem cells to home to the site of injury and differentiate into the required cell type is required To understand the niche, it is important to analyze ... signaling factors, including growth factors and cytokines, demonstrated to promote and/ or maintain mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) self-renewal, in vitro Gene markers characteristic of MSC selfrenewal include ... oct-4, sox-2, and rex-1 LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor; EGF, epidermal growth factor; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; CFU-F,...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 10:20

... designed and carried out the experiment and wrote the manuscript SMR contributed to the gene expression analysis and helped to draft the manuscript CHE conceived the study and helped to draft ... Preliminary experiments were conducted first to determine the optimal concentration of siRNA to use in this in vitro system, and secondly to select the siRNA candidate with the highest efficiency in ... cytometer (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA, USA) and Flow Jo flow cytometry analysis software (Tree Star, Ashland, OR, USA) The most effective chordin siRNA used was targeted to the sequence 5'-CAG GTG...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 10:23

... expression of insulin 5-fold and 52-fold, respectively (Figure 1B); and increased the gene expression of Glut2 4-fold and 29-fold, respectively (Figure 1C), compared to the cells without added ... AKT approximately 1.7-fold and 2.1-fold compared to the control, respectively (Figure 4B), and activated phosphorylation of ERK roughly 2.4-fold and 4-fold compared to the control, respectively ... where FN and LAM increased insulin release roughly 1.8-fold and 2-fold, respectively, compared to cells without ECM To determine if the cell pellets used physiological signaling pathways to regulate...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:21