network evolution from gsm to umts

... author of an iterator to control the types nested in its iterator_traits just by writing member types in the iterator The primary iterator_traits template[4] reaches into the iterator to grab its member ... iterator_traits; Here's how we put it to work in iter_swap: template void iter_swap(ForwardIterator1 i1, ForwardIterator2 i2) { typename iterator_traits::value_type ... reference to a bit, a proxy is used so the vector behaves almost exactly like any other vector The proxy's operator=(bool) writes into the appropriate bit of the vector, and its operator bool()...

Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2015, 23:51

... “tính to n” Nếu không tồn phần tử thuật to n kết thúc Bƣớc 3: Tính to n ψ’= pert(ψ,ai/bi) thêm ψ‟ vào ψ với ∀ai/bi ∈ L Đánh dấu ψ “tính to n” cập nhật UIO Bƣớc 4: Nếu pert(ψ,ai/bi), tính to n ... giúp ta hiểu tốt yêu cầu to n đặt ra, cách thức tiến hành gần với tư người mô 30 hình hóa hướng liệu Từ đó, ta đưa giải pháp thiết kế thực thi phù hợp cho to n Trong to n mô hình hóa máy rút ... sk) Vec-tơ thời (Current Vector), ký hiệu CV, tập trạng thái cuối vec-tơ đường dẫn Có nghĩa CV(PV) = (s1‟, ,i‟, , sk‟) Một vec-tơ đường dẫn gọi vec-tơ đơn (Singleton Vector) chứa cặp trạng thái...

Ngày tải lên: 05/04/2016, 21:15

... VIẾT TẮT VÀ THUẬT NGỮ Tên đầy đủ Viết tắt ATM Automated Teller Machine FSM Finite State Machines CFG Control Flow Graph PV Path Vector IV Initial Vector B State Block VER State Verification RI Reset ... models CONFERENCE PAPER · JANUARY 2006 Available from: Rajesh Subramanyan Retrieved on: 08 October 2015 [6] Modeling Discretional Access Control in Automatic Teller Machine Using Denotational Mathematics ... chất lượng sản phẩm phần mềm ngày cao, tức phần mềm phải sản xuất với giá thành thấp, dễ dùng, an to n có độ tin cậy cao Do việc kiểm thử phần trọng yếu trình phát triển đảm bảo chất lượng phần...

Ngày tải lên: 27/08/2016, 22:34

... Reduced-relative clause ambiguity and the DirectObject/Sentential-Complement ambiguity The current study is closest in spirit to a previous attempt to use the technology of partof-speech tagging (Corley and ... approximation to the joint probability Lastly, re-ranking of POS sequences is expected to predict reanalysis of lexical categories This is because re-ranking in the tagger is parallel to reanalysis ... boundary ambiguity This set of materials is, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive yet subjected to this type of study The sentences are directly adopted from various psycholinguistic studies (Frazier,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 11:21

... are able to use FSA algorithms to integrate MT and ASR word graphs The FSA implementation of the search allows us to use standard optimized algorithms, e.g available from an open source toolkit ... integrating MT models to ASR word graphs instead of N -best list We consider ASR word graphs as finite-state automata (FSA), then the integration of MT models to ASR word graphs can benefit from FSA algorithms ... the arcs of the acceptor, an acceptor containing possible permutations To limit the permutations, we used an approach as in (Kanthak et al., 2005) Each of these two acceptors results in different...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... considers how to parameterize such models, so that weights are defined in terms of underlying parameters to be learned §3 asks what it means to learn these parameters from training data (what is to be ... = xi ◦f ◦yi Then ti is the total semiring weight w0n of paths in Ti from initial state to final state n (assumed WLOG to be unique and unweighted) It is wasteful to compute ti as suggested earlier, ... can be asked to tune the 17 numbers in Fig 1a separately, subject to the constraint that the paths retain total probability A more specific version of the constraint requires the FST to remain Markovian:...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 21:20

... score essays from a have-been-scored similar essay, we need to find the best path, which is closest to the to- be-scored transcription, in the FST Here, we apply the edit distance to measure how ... be combined to a feature vector (called the Sensegroup Match Rate vector (SMRv)), which is an 8-dimensional vector in the present experiments After that, we applied the SVR algorithm to train a ... minEDcost(j) is the accumulated minimum edit distance from state to state j, and the cost(i,j) is the cost of insertion, deletion or substitution from state j to state i The equation means the minED of...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 18:20

... India The corpus contains texts from various fields ranging from children stories, dramas to Ayurveda texts Around 100K words of such a parallel corpus is available from which around 25,000 parallel ... number of transitions leading to a complex transducer The basic outline of the algorithm to split the given string into sub-strings is: Algorithm To split a string into sub-strings 1: Let the FST ... letters into meaningful words To illustrate this point, we give an example Consider the text, San: n¯ radam a paripapraccha v¯ lm¯kirmunipu˙ gavam a ı n gloss: to the Narada asked Valmikito the...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... still be too large to represent completely cdec therefore supports three pruning strategies that can be used during intersection: full unpruned intersection (useful for tagging models to incorporate, ... (templates) Additionally, each algorithm takes a weight function that maps from hypergraph edges to a value in K, making it possible to use many different semirings without altering the underlying hypergraph ... transduced into the unified hypergraph representation Since the model-specific code need not worry about integration with rescoring models, it can be made quite simple and efficient Furthermore, prior to...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... the unfolded machine: too little leads to coarse approximations, while too much leads to redundant automata needing very expensive optimization The algorithm is best understood with a simple example ... nondeterministic shift-reduce pushdown recognizer TO( G) for G A state transition labeled by a terminal symbol z from state s to state s' licenses a shift move, pushing onto the stack of the recognizer the pair ... class would have to be weakened first, using techniques akin to those of Sato and Tamaki (1984), Shieber (1985b) and Haas (1989) 247 One way of solving the above problem is to unfold each state...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 07:20

... productions are operators A tree transducer (Rounds 1969) defines a mapping from trees to trees Since we are mainly interested in the string language generated by a tree transducer, a "tree -to- string" ... nonterminal of G' which corresponds to M=(1 < u < h) A d d p ' to P ' and f to F where f is defined as follows Suppose Equivalence o f ~ f c - l f g a n d £~mcfg To prove f~fc-lfg C Lmcfg, we give ... derivation a : q0[t] = ~ w Now, delete from this derivation a all the derivation steps which operates on t t This leads to the following new derivation which keeps t ~ untouched; ! : q0[t] (4.2) is called...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 07:20

... possible substitution cost) From the sequence of edit operations, a mapping of output phonemes to input phonemes is generated according to the following rules: • Any phoneme maps to an input phoneme ... (1994) with insights from phonological naturalness Besides aiding in the development of a practical tool for learning phonological rules, our results point to the use of constraints from universal ... phonemes up to and including those which map to the arc's input phoneme become the new arc's output, and are now marked as having been used When walking down branches of the tree to add a new...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 07:20

... constructed from a given CFPSG The first set is explicitly designed to preserve the property of noncenter-embedding The second is designed to maximize the use of prefixes on the basis of being able to ... Rules G2Wh-I conform to the first principle, according to which lexical categories generally appear as prefixes Rules G2*b,e-g conform to the second principle, according to which a category appears ... G2*ai conforms to the third principle, according to which a category appears as a prefix if its presence can be predicted from its right sister in G2 Finally, rules G2*aii,c,d conform to the fourth...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 18:20

... requires transferring data to /from another node The DataNode daemon acts as a server, receiving blocks from clients that write to its disk, and sending blocks to clients that read from its disk Thus, ... WriteBlock_Replicated End Token Served block [BlockID] to [Hostname] Received block [BlockID] from [Hostname] Received [BlockID] from [Hostname] and mirrored to [Hostname] Table 2: Tokens in DataNode-log ... estimated from their histograms using a kernel density estimation with a Gaussian kernel [17] to smooth the discrete boundaries in histograms Then, the difference between these distributions from...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 19:20

... goals, topics and user knowledge possible in a given dialogue state, and use t h a t knowledge to dynamically create a semantic case-frame network, whose transitions could in turn be used to constrain ... research aim is to maximize the effectiveness of this approach Therefore, we hope to: • expand the scope of P R O F E R ' s structural definitions to include not only word patterns, but intonation and ... Roche and Yves Schabes, editors, Finite-State Language Processing, pages 149-173 The MIT Press J Schalkwyk, L D Colton, and M Fanty 1996 The CSLU-sh toolkit for automatic speech recognition:...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 07:20

... total hanzi from a test corpus We asked six native speakers - - three from Taiwan (T1-T3), and three from the Mainland (M1-M3) - - to segment the corpus Since we could not bias the subjects towards ... estimated as NI/N, where N is the total number of observed tokens and N1 is the number of types observed only once For r~l this gives prob(unseen(f~) I f~l), and to get the aggregate probability ... :_nc OCTOPUS -~-:zhangl ,~! ~/u2 10.28 i e : nc E: nc , HOW [ ~ :zen3 ~ :moO E:_adv SAY -~:shuol g:_vb I 10.63 13.18 7.96 5.55 Figure 2: Input lattice (top) and two segmentations (bottom) of...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 09:20

... method codes a head token by giving the distance to the dependent (posh ea d-posd ep ), yielding 123 unlabelled but only 1139 labelled classes Lin (1995) represents the head token by its word type ... type and a position indicator which encodes the direction where the head can be found and the number of tokens of identical type between head and dependent (e.g < first token with same word type ... token with same word type on the left, >>> third token with same word type on the right, etc.) To get fewer classes, we use the category of the head token instead of its word type The resulting method...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 22:20

... character to represent other ejectives, a right quote to represent a glottal stop, a left quote to represent the voiced pharyngeal fricative, and to represent gemination Other symbols are conventional ... stems to be novel and will need to be able to analyze them on the fly The other two approaches discussed in 1.2, that of Kiraz (2000) and that of Cohen-Sygal & Wintner (2006), are closer to what ... unusual challenges to any computational framework This paper presents a new answer to these challenges, one which has the potential to integrate morphological processing into other knowledge-based...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 22:20

... formal indicators of subordination/co-ordination, such as conjunctions, subjunctions, and punctuation The Grammar Framework The Swedish grammar has been semiautomatically extracted from written ... phenomena: (i) which part-of-speech n-grams, are not allowed to be adjacent to each other in a constituent, and (ii) 1The parser can be tolerant of the errofieous annotation returned by the tagger, ... different sources, about 200,000 tokens, collected in AVENTINUS The rules are divided into levels, with each level consisting of groups of patterns ordered according to their internal complexity...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 22:20

... away The moves from (f) to (g) and from (g) to Ih) are like those from (d) to (e) and (b) to (c) respectively J u s t w h a t is the force of the r e m a r k , made from time to time in this ... is made from (c) to (d) The move from (a) to (b) is s a n c t i o n e d by a frame in which the root c o n s o n a n t is ignored The move from (d) to (e) is s i m i l a r to t h a t from (a) ... the move from (e) to (f), it had been allowed to advance using a frame parallel to the one used in the moves from (b) to (c) and (c) to (d), a frame which it is only r e a s o n a b l e to a s...

Ngày tải lên: 18/03/2014, 02:20