modeling risky decision making in rodents

... of each individual cow, indicating that decisions can differ both within and between herds At the farm level, the veterinarians seemed to integrate farm-related information into the decision ... definitions of different scoring values, such as excluding certain scores (see examples in table 1) They find the definitions incorrect If the veterinarian strictly follows his/ her own scoring ... her with the same vaginal findings" D, C, L, & H using a variable threshold for treatment and makes individual decision on individual cows based on multiple clinical criteria (incl metritis score)...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2012, 10:45

... example, the Working Families’ Tax Credit (WFTC), introduced in the United Kingdom in 1999, in combination with the increase in Income Support for unemployed families, led to an increase in births of ... Theory-driven, using theory of planned behaviour (TPB) as an overarching framework linking different disciplinary perspectives; Taking individual-level decisions and behaviour as paramount; Linking individual ... to be a win-win strategy, presumably increasing the happiness of the prospective parents and at the same time helping to increase fertility rates in a country without interfering with individual...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 12:20

... for guiding decision making One approach intended to make test scores more informative for decision making is value-added modeling (VAM), which controls for prior achievement in estimating the ... The remainder of this paper is divided into four sections Section one describes what is meant by datadriven decision making, including its origins, a theoretical framework for thinking about ... proclaim, “We are completely data-driven.” In recent years, the education community has witnessed increased interest in data-driven decision making (DDDM)— making it a mantra of educators from the...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 05:24

... Voluntary initiatives and good practice implemented by governments and businesses 1.1 Recruiting, training, mentoring and networking programmes In the United Kingdom, the headhunting industry ... quarter of 2011 17 The key indicator of gender representation on corporate boards in the EU shows that the proportion of women involved in top-level business decision- making remains very low, although ... and men”31, BUSINESSEUROPE fully supports the objective of increasing the proportion of women in decision- making positions They stress the importance of raising awareness and sharing best practices...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 20:20

... enquiry into the workings of some prominent features of the genre, in particular inherited guilt, curses, Erinyes, and decision making Not all tragedies involve a curse, and curses are not crucial in ... examines some instances in this contemporary author of supernatural causation, moral inheritance within the family, and decision making Herodotus, it will be argued, exhibits fruitful points ... rather to examine some problematic features that are quite crucial in some surviving plays, and prominent in a large number of others In my examination of how guilt, curses, Erinyes, and decisions...

Ngày tải lên: 10/06/2014, 22:19

... Prospects www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf48.html 143 Australian Mining Increase Uranium Mining Ferguson http://www.miningaustralia.com.au/Article/Increase-uraniummining-Ferguson/475775.aspx 144 World ... government undergoes recurrent changes in representation due to political instability, ensuing in the difficulty in maintaining solidity of administrative policies, including environmental policies and ... and Decision- Maker in Environment Planning with Emphasis on Energy Technologies 4.3.1.2 The Absence of Invitation to Participate in Decision- making The absence of invitation to participate in decision- making...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 02:20

... involves skill in clinical decision- making The first goal of this chapter is to provide an introduction to the study of clinical reasoning Equally bewildering to the student ... available to assist in clinical decision- making will also be discussed Evidence-based medicine is the term used to describe the integration of the best available research evidence with clinical judgment ... experience in the care of patients The third goal of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of some of the tools of evidence-based medicine Clinical Decision- Making Clinical Reasoning The most...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... therefore more influential on clinical judgments The third commonly used cognitive shortcut, the anchoring heuristic, involves estimating a probability by starting from a familiar point (the anchor) ... that this patient's clinical features match those of the class of patients with the leading diagnostic hypotheses being considered In other words, the clinician is searching for the diagnosis ... of the sort encountered daily in clinical medicine, with great efficiency Clinicians rely on three basic types of heuristics When assessing a particular patient, clinicians often weigh the probability...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... make teaching diagnostic reasoning difficult is that expert clinicians not follow a fixed pattern in patient examinations From the outset, they are generating, refining, and discarding diagnostic ... the examiner to the exclusion of all other inputs until answered, allowing the examiner to move on to the next specific question Negative findings are often as important as positive ones in establishing ... focused examination using the URI assessment protocol rather than considering the full range of possibilities and performing appropriate tests to confirm or refute his initial hypotheses In particular,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... are less likely to overreact to foreseeable problems in therapy such as a rise in creatinine levels or symptomatic hypotension Other intriguing research has shown a wide distribution of acceptance ... gastroenterologists lagged behind (a conservative practice style, associated in this case with older physicians) As a group, internists lagged several years behind gastroenterologists The opinion of influential ... patients In both cities, physicians unconsciously adopted their practice styles to the available level of hospital beds Other environmental factors that can influence decision- making include the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... assist in making clinical decisions in the presence of uncertainty are reviewed Quantitative Methods to Aid Clinical Decision- Making The process of medical decision- making can be divided into two ... patients In summary, expert clinical decision- making can be appreciated as a complex interplay between cognitive devices used to simplify large amounts of complex information interacting with ... (1) defining the available courses of action and estimating the likely outcomes with each, and (2) assessing the desirability of the outcomes The former task involves integrating key information...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... quantitative measure of the information content of a test Values range from 0.5 (no diagnostic information at all, test is equivalent to flipping a coin) to 1.0 (perfect test) In the testing literature, ... response in a treadmill exercise test) to the exclusion of other potentially relevant data In addition, ROC area comparisons not simulate the way test information is actually used in clinical practice ... the confidence in a diagnosis before the test is performed In the absence of more relevant information, it is usually estimated from the prevalence of the disease in the underlying population...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... the finding of a reversible exercise-induced perfusion defect has both a sensitivity and specificity of 90%, yielding a likelihood ratio for a positive test of 9.0 [0.90/(1 – 0.90)] If we again ... patient and he has a positive test, using Fig 3-2 we can demonstrate that the posttest probability of CAD rises from 10 to 50% However, from a decision- making point of view, the more accurate test ... to change management In fact, the test has moved us from being fairly certain that the patient did not have CAD to being completely undecided (a 50:50 chance of disease) In a patient with a pretest...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... particularly in correcting drug dosing and in promoting adherence to guidelines The full impact of these approaches will only be evaluable when computers are fully integrated into medical practice Decision ... of HIV infection and the prevalence and incidence of HIV infection in the population targeted This model, which required over 75 separate data points, provides novel insights into a clinical ... outcome, simulating the whole decision process, or providing algorithmic guidance Computer-based predictions using Bayesian or statistical regression models inform a clinical decision but not...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... during the 1970s (the last time these patients were routinely treated with medicine alone) would be extremely misleading since the quality of "medical therapy" has made huge improvements in the ... overcome in the analysis phase of the research Advantages to observational data include the ability to capture a broader population than is typically represented in clinical trials In addition, ... treatment selection bias in the latter The underlying concept in the use of observational data to compare diagnostic or therapeutic strategies is that there is enough uncertainty in practice that similar...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... [PMID: 12052127] Del Mar C et al: Clinical Thinking: Evidence, Communication and Decision Making Malden, Mass., Blackwell, 2006 Grimes DA et al: Refining clinical diagnosis with likelihood ratios ... little or no supporting evidence and, thus, reflect the expert consensus of the guideline panel In part to protect against errors by individual panels, the final step in guideline construction is ... Translating clinical research into clinical practice: Impact of using prediction rules to make decisions Ann Intern Med 144:201, 2006 [PMID: 16461965] Sanders GD et al: Cost-effectiveness of screening...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... time-consuming and requires skills and training that most clinicians not possess Thus, the best starting point for most EBM searches is the identification of recent systematic overviews of the problem in ... research information in one of two forms The first, primary research reports, is the original peer-reviewed research work that is published in medical journals Initial access to this information in ... search may be gained through MEDLINE, which provides access to a huge amount of data in abstract form However, it is often difficult, using MEDLINE, to locate reports that are on point in a sea of...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... treatment decision making to assist in her choice of treatment and long-term adjustment Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests Authors' contributions AMS was involved ... adjustment, including attempts to cope with the stress of breast cancer by avoiding emotions, thoughts, or information related to the disease [58] In some patients, denial may prevent them from making ... only It is time to change the concept of relying on age or menopausal status in surgical decision making Postmenopausal breast cancer cases in developing countries have their concerns about body...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 04:21

... addressing decision making in primary care, the sector in which most individuals seek health-related advice [4] The importance of translating shared decision making into primary care Growing numbers ... Promoting informed choice: transforming health care to dispense knowledge for decision making Ann Intern Med 2005, 143:293-300 Makoul G, Clayman ML: An integrative model of shared decision making in ... MO: Shared decision making in the medical encounter: are we all talking about the same thing? Med Decis Making 2007, 27:539-546 Charles C, Gafni A, Whelan T: Shared decision- making in the medical...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 10:23

... and perceived decision making and a high adherence to decisions Our findings suggest that our electronic library of decision aids has a positive association with decision making in patients and ... MP, Singer E, Ubel PA, Ziniel S, Fowler FJ Jr, Levin CA, Fagerlin A: Deficits and variations in patients’ experience with making common medical decisions: the DECISIONS survey Med Decis Making ... [Shared decision making: an overview of international research literature] Soz Praventivmed 2003, 48(1):11-23 Kaplan RM, Frosch DL: Decision making in medicine and health care Annu Rev Clin Psychol...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:20