mobility and the cellular ip approach

... Table The SGSN handles the conversion from the IP protocol used in the GPRS backbone network to the SNDCP and LLC protocols used between the SGSN and the MS These layers handle compression and ciphering ... CHAPTER 10: THE MOBILE INTERNET 10.1 IP AND MOBILITY 245 246 249 251 252 257 257 x Protocols for High-Efficiency Wireless Networks 10.1.1 Mobile IP Micro -mobility and the Cellular IP approach 10.1.2 ... allow the mobile access to the Internet (i.e., TCP /IP and WAP) Hence, we will consider the impact on the throughput of cellular systems due to both the user mobility and the transmission of data...

Ngày tải lên: 12/10/2016, 13:41

... Definition N and N The set of BSs and number of BSs, respectively Or in game theory, the set of players and number of players, respectively So N = {1, , N } and |N | = N Ln and Ln The set of ... higher and higher data rates Despite the fact that the radio spectrum is scarce, the explosive increase in the number of users in wireless and mobile networks around the world further strains on the ... multiplexing (OFDM) systems using both centralized optimization and game theoretic approaches Unlike many other works that use real numbers for bit-loading from the information theoretic approach, ...

Ngày tải lên: 10/09/2015, 15:49

... obtained, and the results are used to obtain the relationship (2) between the transmit power and SFM, χ and Dτ , for a given number of users and subcarriers From these relationships, we see that the ... facilitate the adaptive control of the code rate of the encoder or constellation size of the modulator On the other hand, the estimated channel gain is also input into the demodulator and decoder ... taken for the CDMA systems As more and more users share the same spectrum, the spectral efficiency is improved, in the sense that the system accommodates more users; yet on the other hand, the interference...

Ngày tải lên: 15/09/2015, 17:11

... valid, and that the challenge text matches the one that is sent in the first message If they do, then the authentication is successful and the initiator and the responder switch roles and repeat the ... key authentication The responder responds by sending the challenge text, which is the authentication management frame to the initiator The PRNG with the shared secret and the random initialization ... using the shared secret along with the new Initiating Vector (IV) selected by the initiator This frame is then sent to the responder The latter decrypts the received frame and verifies that the...

Ngày tải lên: 29/09/2013, 21:20

... arbitrary PCF at the first stage In other words, at the same BER performance, the proposed approach for selecting the PCF can reduce the GR complexity based on the PPIC The PCF selection approach is ... is the additional filter (the linear system), and the PF is the preliminary filter (the linear system) A detailed discussion of the AF and PF can be found in [2, pages 233–243 and 264– 284] and ... 0.05) In the case of signal absence in the input process, the statistical parameters at the AF and PF outputs will be the same, because the same noise is coming in at the AF and PF inputs, and we...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 05:20

... investigated and compared in [19] The first is based on the observation of the amplitude histograms, the second on the continuous wavelet transform and the third on the maximum likelihood for the joint ... rotation of the received symbols and fourth-order cumulants of the in-phase distribution of the desired signal In [21], the recognition vector of the decision-theoretic approach and that of the cumulantbased ... the first principal component), the second greatest variance on the second dimension, and so on [29] This moves as much of the variance as possible into the first few dimensions The values in the...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 16:20

... transmitters with the throughput demands set by the users The extensive evaluations confirm that the proposed algorithm is superior to the existing approaches and succeeds in maximizing the sum rate ... used at the receiver to efficiently quantize and report the state of the fading channel back to the transmitter The results show that this innovative approach can lead to a reduction of the packet ... throughput and queue sizes This paper confirms that the generalization of the notion of collision through multiuser decoding is an exemplary topic of the cross-layer design between the physical and the...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... the other hand, capture effects were considered in [4] Capture effects due to the dependency of the interference level on the spatial distribution of terminals and on the characteristics of the ... arrive at the receiver at different time The difference in time between the earliest and the latest reflection to arrive at the receiver is defined as the delay spread The coherence bandwidth ... the power spectral density of the faded amplitude is close to a Rician distribution with K = [43], where K is the ratio of the dominant signal to the standard deviation of other weaker and randomly...

Ngày tải lên: 12/09/2015, 10:21

... •Objects in the path between and surrounding the endpoints affect the signal level and its content •Variations in the signal environment change with geographic location, seasons, and weather •For ... 1.1 Many of the blocks and their functions apply to both wired and wireless communication systems Note, however, that the blocks contained within the dashed outline are fundamental and necessary ... detecting the presence of objects in some region or volume of the environment and measuring their relative motion and/ or position, systems for sensing or measuring atmospheric conditions, and systems...

Ngày tải lên: 17/09/2012, 10:44

... PSI-100, and PSI-025 It suggested that the PSI had affected and coagulated the SMP in the reactors and prevented the membrane from fouling From these results, it can be stated that in the case ... biopolymer removal On the other hand, the mixture of Fe(III) and polysilicate worked more effectively on protein and carbohydrate removal The removal amount increased according to the 206 increase ... (R4, R5, R6) In the case of R5, where the mixture contained 20 mg Si/L and 45 mg Fe(III)/L, the clogging frequency seemed to be decreased as compared to the others Moreover, the mean fouling...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 10:15

... Telecommunications Union (ITU) and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), especially in relation to the Hiperaccess and HiperMAN programs In the standards, the point-to-multipoint architecture ... allocated by FCC The first two bands were licensed in the 1970s for TV broadcasting and they were then called Multipoint Distribution Services (MDSs) In 1996, the FCC increased the allocation and allowed ... by their markets [3,5] 8.5 IEEE 802.16 Standards The IEEE 802.16 Working Group on Broadband Wireless Access Standards develops standards and makes recommendations to support the development and...

Ngày tải lên: 29/09/2013, 21:20

... packet, the medium is busy for the transmission time of the packet, which depends on the packet length and the medium bandwidth Once the current packet transmission is complete, only then can the ... given by the parameter BAD BER It was assumed that the background noise is the same for all stations and thus the principle of reciprocity stands for the condition of any wireless link Therefore, ... in the sequence are generated by the recursion relation: Xn11 ¼ ðaXn bÞ mod m; for n $ where m is the modulus, a is the multiplier, and b is the increment The initial value X0 is often called the...

Ngày tải lên: 29/09/2013, 21:20

... level, the application-perceived throughput reflects the Quality of Service from the viewpoints of the application and user The focus of the thesis is on the influence of the network on the applicationperceived ... all the control functions and physical links between CHAPTER SHORT TECHNICAL OVERVIEW OF WIRELESS NETWORKS the MSC and BTS and BTS handles the radio interface to the MS The BTS is the radio equipment ... (CKSN) and desired attach type is sent to the SGSN Then the SGSN will attach the mobile and inform the HLR if there has been a change in the RAI After successful attachment to the GPRS network the...

Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2013, 12:15

... system-page-identifier) The first procedure accepts a page identifier and returns a pointer to the page in the buffer pool The second and third procedures pin and unpin pages in the buffer pool The last call ... overwrite the entire data base with zeros In addition, it is unclear whether such errors are due to bugs in the user routines or in the DBMS, and finger-pointing between the DBMS implementor and the ... to utilize the access method for a new data type and is not used internally in the system TEMPLATE-2, on the other hand, provides necessary information on the data types of operators The column...

Ngày tải lên: 22/10/2013, 10:15

Ngày tải lên: 12/12/2013, 08:18

... vulnerability, there are some essential differences between SRAM, on the one hand, and latches and ip- flops, on the other hand: l l l In general, SRAM bit cells are symmetric by design and latches ... contain SRAM chips vulnerable to soft errors Over the years, from generation to generation the number of SRAM chips per server and the bit count per SRAM chip had increased Furthermore, the soft-error ... dollars and a huge amount of manhours, both at the technical level and in briefings with customers Furthermore, Sun’s brand image was damaged and the company was criticized for the treatment of their...

Ngày tải lên: 01/01/2014, 17:15

... difference is the same between the Municipality of Århus and the rest of the county as the difference in industrial structure between Greater Copenhagen and the rest of Denmark The Municipality of ... Centres in Ålborg and Roskilde, together with the expansion of the number of students at the Aarhus School of Business in the 70s and the 80s, the rate of growth decreased and the number of students ... the Danish Parliament, the Folketing, on the role of the University as the principal shareholder in Cheminova The listing of Cheminova on the Stock Exchange in 1986 and the establishment of the...

Ngày tải lên: 16/01/2014, 16:33

... metres on the graph relate to the temporary use of the injecting patch cord - which is the connection between the tester and the cable run The rest of the graph shows that the cable run and all ... throughout the cabling channel Most impedance mismatch problems happen in the cross-connect patch cord in the closet, the consolidation point, and the connectors at the telecommunications outlet The ... understanding the nature of an error Any modern LAN hardware and network analysis software can perform this real physical measurement WHAT THE STANDARDS SAY The IEEE 802.3 Standard defines the lowest...

Ngày tải lên: 19/01/2014, 05:20

... −ΨΛ−1 Ψ T Therefore, we obtain the conditions (12) and (13), and the feedback gain K is calculated as in (14) Similarly, we can prove the following theorem by using Theorem 3.6 Theorem 3.8 There ... hold, then the both AK ∗ and AK are stable Proof: Suppose that the conditions i-ii of Theorem 3.1 hold, then it can be easily shown by using the similar standard matrix manipulations as in the proof ... commensurate and non commensurate fractional orders They revealed new properties and focused on the analysis of the controllability and the ob‐ servability of linear discrete-time FOS Further, the authors...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 09:20

... noisy and one of the other agents i reasons about this and about the initiator’s beliefs about the noisiness, then at the moment just after receiving the message, i may believe that the initiator ... Van Baars and Verbrugge, 2007) These protocols are less efficient because the needed number of messages passed back and forth between the initiator and the others growing linearly in the desired ... trying to clarify the nature of the phenomena involved, based on the principles of teamwork and other forms of working together, as discovered in www.it-ebooks.info xviii Preface the social sciences,...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 15:20