micro and macro level considerations

... West North and South Holland, Utrecht, Zeeland 2) Noord-Holland and Flevoland 3) IJsselmeer Flevoland, Utrecht and the cities Kampen, Zwolle, Giethoorn 3) North and East Wadden Islands, Groningen, ... time’ and ‘other place’ can be found in tourist representations of, for example, Scotland, Ireland and the Netherlands Scotland thus becomes a remote place of tartan and kilts, of misty landscapes ... Tourism Industry – Micro and Macro Perspectives, Edited by Murat Kasimoğlu and Handan Aydin p cm ISBN 978-953-51-0566-4 Contents Preface IX Section Tourism Industry – Micro and Macro Topics for...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 07:20

... TOURISM INDUSTRY – MICRO AND MACRO PERSPECTIVES Edited by Murat Kasimoğlu and Handan Aydin Strategies for Tourism Industry – Micro and Macro Perspectives Edited by Murat Kasimoğlu and Handan Aydin Published ... West North and South Holland, Utrecht, Zeeland 2) Noord-Holland and Flevoland 3) IJsselmeer Flevoland, Utrecht and the cities Kampen, Zwolle, Giethoorn 3) North and East Wadden Islands, Groningen, ... time’ and ‘other place’ can be found in tourist representations of, for example, Scotland, Ireland and the Netherlands Scotland thus becomes a remote place of tartan and kilts, of misty landscapes...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 17:20

... very convenient and brings the consumers to the brand quickly 1.3 Brand development strategies Dove is an outstanding case study in applying the Brand Extension strategy to expand their impact ... are cleaning hair and providing nutrition to different hair problems such as dandruff, damage hair and hair fall b) Actual products Brand Dove has started since 1957 in the US, and now, it is one ... Plan will provide the broad overview about Unilever Group and Dove The Micro and Macro environment sections will analyze the internal and external effects that make impact on the development of...

Ngày tải lên: 26/03/2015, 17:59

... MUX/MUY is ten and the PX/PY is eight, so the consumer should buy A less X and less Y B less X and more Y C more X and more Y D mores X and less Y Jane has £500 a week to spend on food and clothing ... of demand A a positive relationship between quantity demanded and price B as the price rises, demand will shift to the left C there is a negative relationship between quantity demanded and price ... analysis and derive the demand curve 1 What are various sources of monopoly power? Explain the characteristics of Monopolistic Competition and price and output determination both in the short run and...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2016, 20:30

... MUX/MUY is ten and the PX/PY is eight, so the consumer should buy A less X and less Y B less X and more Y C more X and more Y D mores X and less Y Jane has £500 a week to spend on food and clothing ... of demand A a positive relationship between quantity demanded and price B as the price rises, demand will shift to the left C there is a negative relationship between quantity demanded and price ... analysis and derive the demand curve 1 What are various sources of monopoly power? Explain the characteristics of Monopolistic Competition and price and output determination both in the short run and...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2016, 20:32

... major and minor axes lx and ly and curvatures kx and ky as shown in Figure 4.26 The values of lx and ly can be found from Figure 4.25 by taking the intersection of a horizontal line with the Vx and ... hills and valleys often called surface asperities of different lateral and vertical sizes, and are distributed randomly on the surface as shown in the surface profiles in Figure 4.4b The randomness ... useful in studying friction and wear if τ(a) and v(a) in · depend Equations 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 are independent of the contact spot area a In general, τ(a) and v(a) on the area, and therefore the size...

Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2013, 09:15

... molecules Bhushan et al (1995b,c) conducted micro- and macroscale friction and wear studies on single-grafted and double-grafted octodecyl (C18) and LB films and their subsurfaces C18 films were produced ... arachidate (C20, ZnA) was deposited by the LB technique, Figure 8.12 Macro- and microscale friction and wear data are summerized in Table 8.1 and Figure 8.13 We note that C18 doublegrafted film exhibits ... ODT (C18) and docosyl (C22) grafted film on silica Schematic of the zinc arachidate LB film on ODT with a gold underlayer TABLE 8.1 Typical rms Roughness and Coefficients of Microscale and Macroscale...

Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2013, 09:15

... Ruan and Bhushan (1994a–c), Koinkar and Bhushan (1996a,b, 1997a,b), and Sundararajan and Bhushan (1998) Koinkar and Bhushan (1996a,b) and Poon and Bhushan (1995a,b) reported that rms roughness and ... normal and lateral directions 14.4.2 Microscale Friction and Adhesion Friction and adhesion of magnetic head sliders, magnetic media, virgin, treated and coated Si(111) wafers, and graphite on a microscale ... Surface Roughness 14.4 Friction and Adhesion Nanoscale Friction • Microscale Friction and Adhesion 14.5 Scratching and Wear Nanoscale Wear • Microscale Scratching • Microscale Wear 14.6 Indentation...

Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2013, 09:15

... process and is routinely used to fabricate microstructures such as acceleration and pressure sensors and magnetic head sliders Surface micromachining is based on depositing and etching structural and ... microcutting or micromechanical machining (such as micromilling, microdrilling, microturning) or removal by energy beams (such as microspark erosion, focused ion beam, laser ablation, and machining, and ... presents a review of macro- and micro/ nanotribological studies of single-crystal silicon and polysilicon, oxidized and implanted silicon, doped and undoped polysilicon films and SiC films A summary...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 12:15

... Advances in Acoustic Microscopy, Plenum, New York Burnham N A and Colton, R J (1993), “Force Microscopy,” in Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy: Theory, Techniques and Applications (D ... medium (ε1 = ε2 and n1 = n2 ), A is positive (attractive), whereas if ε3 and n3 are intermediate to ε1, n1 and ε2, n2, A is negative (repulsive) If ε3 and n3 equal the permittivity and index of ... potential difference between the Fermi level and the vacuum level) of the two materials are not equal, when electrically connected the Fermi levels equilibrate, and the voltage difference is Φ1 –...

Ngày tải lên: 09/11/2013, 03:15

... diameters (Snook and van Megan, 1979, 1980, 1981; van Megan and Snook, 1979, 1981; Kjellander and Marcelja, 1985a,b; Tarazona and Vincente, 1985; Henderson and Lozada-Cassou, 1986; Evans and Parry, ... monolayers and bilayers (Israelachvili, 1987, 1991; Christenson, 1988a; Israelachvili and McGuiggan, 1988), and metal and metal oxide layers deposited on mica (Coakley and Tabor, 1978; Parker and Christenson, ... AFM (McClelland, 1989; McClelland and Cohen, 1990) In addition, molecular dynamics computer simulations (Schoen et al., 1989; Landman et al., 1990; Thompson and Robbins, 1990; Robbins and Thompson,...

Ngày tải lên: 17/12/2013, 11:15

... knowledge A better understanding of friction and wear could save an enormous amount of energy and money, which would be positive for economy and ecology On the other hand, friction is not only ... typical length of 12 mm and diameters of 0.25 and 0.5 mm, they obtained force constants of 150 and 2500 N/m, respectively, which is considerably high for SFM and SFFM standards As a consequence, ... next level to the first bilayer, and the highest level to the second bilayer of the LB film The friction force image shows a higher friction on the substrate and the same friction on the single- and...

Ngày tải lên: 25/12/2013, 23:18

... 1997; Bhushan and Gupta, 1995; Gupta and Bhushan, 1995a, b; Patton and Bhushan, 1996; Bhushan and Li, 1997; Li and Bhushan, 1998b, c), residual stresses (Swain et al., 1977; Marshall and Lawn, 1979; ... load (Figure 10.21), Er , Es, and Ei are the reduced modulus and elastic moduli of the specimen and the indenter, and ns and ni are the Poisson’s ratios of the specimen and indenter C (or S) is the ... Bhushan et al., 1995, 1996, 1997; Bhushan and Gupta, 1995; Gupta and Bhushan,1995a, b; Bhushan, 1996; Patton and Bhushan, 1996; Bhushan and Li, 1997; Li and Bhushan, 1998b,c) Depth measurements...

Ngày tải lên: 25/12/2013, 23:18

... Storage Devices, MEMS, and Other Microcomponents References Magnetic Storage Devices • MEMS In this chapter, we first present the history of macrotribology and micro/ nanotribology and their industrial ... interfacial phenomena in micro- and nanostructures used in FIGURE 1.2 © 1999 by CRC Press LLC Comparisons between macrotribology and micro/ nanotribology magnetic storage systems, MEMS, and other industrial ... in microand nanostructures are very light (on the order of a few micrograms) and operate under very light loads (on the order of a few micrograms to a few milligrams) As a result, friction and...

Ngày tải lên: 23/01/2014, 04:20

... transmission power levels to achieve a desired level at the receiver without consideration of equal level point at the DSX, network standards are compromised DSX and equal level point are key ... cables to the demarcation point If equal level point standards are not designed into the circuit when the carrier cabling is assigned, custom engineering efforts and service delays can occur Conclusion ... for all network elements to a standard equal level point at the DSX, service providers are able to cross-connect any two network elements at any point in time and achieve an operational transmission...

Ngày tải lên: 24/01/2014, 12:20

... optics, and a position-sensitive detector The preamplifier for this detector is often located on the head This minimizes the stray capacitance and hence the noise and maximizes the bandwidth The microscope ... of width 12 between 310 and 356, a triangle of period 40 between 356 and 396, a triangle of period 20 between 400 and 420, a triangle of period 12 between 430 and 442, and, finally, delta pulses ... and RIN is the relative intensity noise of the laser PR and PS are the power in the reference and sample beam in the heterodyne interferometer P is the power in the Nomarsky interferometer, and...

Ngày tải lên: 27/01/2014, 14:20

... V., and Brainard, W A (1973), “Use of LEED, Auger Emission Spectroscopy and Field Ion Microscopy in Microstructural Studies,” in Microstructural Analysis Tools and Techniques (J L McCall and ... and Friction of PTFE in Contact with Metals as Studied by Auger Spectroscopy, Field Ion, and Scanning Electron Microscopy,” Wear, 26, 75–93 Brainard, W A and Ferrante, J (1979), “Evaluation and ... Studies by Field Ion Microscopy of Adhesion of Platinum and Gold to Tungsten and Iridium,” NASA TN D-6492, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C Brainard, W A and Buckley, D...

Ngày tải lên: 27/01/2014, 14:20

... of microscratching/microwear, nanofabrication/nanomachining, and nano/picoindentation using AFM and related instrumentation 7.2 Experimental Techniques 7.2.1 AFM for Microscratching/Microwear and ... V.N., and Ruan, J (1994c), “Microtribological Studies by Using Atomic Force and Friction Force Microscopy and Its Applications,” in Determining Nanoscale Physical Properties of Materials by Microscopy ... Force Microscopy,” Appl Phys Lett 64, 1653–1655 Bhushan, B and Koinkar, V.N (1995a), “Microtribology of PET Polymeric Films,” Trib Trans 38, 119–127 Bhushan, B and Koinkar, V.N (1995b), Macro and...

Ngày tải lên: 27/01/2014, 14:20

... pore widths and liquid temperatures are 1.0 nm and 297 K in (a), 1.6 nm and 297 K in (b), 1.25 nm and 297 K in (c), 1.25 nm and 250 K in (d), 1.8 nm and 297 K in (e), and 1.8 nm and 250 K in ... of microscale © 1999 by CRC Press LLC (and soon nanoscale) machines continues to challenge our understanding of friction and wear at their most fundamental levels Our knowledge of friction and ... calculated from an MD simulation (From Belak, J and Stowers, I F (1992), in Fundamentals of Friction: Macroscopic and Microscopic Processes (I L Singer and H M Pollock, eds.), 511–520, Kluwer, Dordrecht...

Ngày tải lên: 27/01/2014, 14:20

... recording density, microtribological analyses have been introduced to understand and improve their tribological properties instead of macrotribological ones 12.2.3.1 Friction and Durability of ... (McFarlane and Tabor, 1950), and the “interface layer of water theory” is a microscopic hypothesis that the adsorbed water is treated as uniformly arranged and layered molecules (Uedaira and Ousaka, ... mechanical properties, such as Young’s modulus and breaking strength, and higher Tg and lower thermal expansion coefficient than PET and is used for several video and data processing tapes In the fabrication...

Ngày tải lên: 27/01/2014, 14:20