mdr tuberculosis in india

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 04:20

... results were similar in both the groups. DISCUSSION Tuberculosis is becoming increasingly common in the elderly and burden of the disease in them is likely to continue to increase substantially. 3,4 ... dheeraj@indiachest.org. Original Article Manifestations of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Elderly: A Prospective Observational Study from North India Dheeraj Gupta 1 , Navneet Singh 1 , Ravinder Kumar 2 and Surinder ... treatment. In elderly patients, the clinical and radiological presentations are often nonspecific, leading to a delay in diagnosis and in initiating appropriate treatment, which often results in a significant...

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 13:20

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 11:20

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 00:20

... 2 , Arindam Basu 3 1 Dept Of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute Of Neurology, Kolkata, India. 2 Malda District Hospital, Malda, India. 3 Fogarty Training Program, IPGMER, Kolkata, India. A A b b s s t t r r a a c c t t ... returned to India in 2000, and continued to work as a consultant otolaryngologist and epidemiologist. In 2002, he joined the UC Berkeley based Fogarty International Training Program in Environmental ... subtypes in an Indian rural population: clinical and electrocardiographic correlates. J Hum Hypertens. 1994; 11: 823-829. 15. Chopra RN, Chopra GS. A study of normal blood pressure in Indians. Indian...

Ngày tải lên: 02/11/2012, 11:12

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 15:28

... gains in biotechnology in India. The education and training programs have been well laid, intelligent scientific work-force being avail- able, fairly good infrastructures are in place and industry ... the Ministry of S&T’s continued interest in the development of biotechnology in India can be assessed (Table 1) [2, 3]. Development of Biotechnology in India 93 Table 1. Major sectors of investment ... these areas, a major initiative involving 13 collaborating institutions was launched on bioprospecting in 1997. Characterizing, inventorying, conserving biodiversity, and prospecting of different ecogeographical...

Ngày tải lên: 26/10/2013, 02:20

... Violence in India, ” unpub- lished report to USAID /INDIA. Johnson, F. Catherine, 1996, “Violence Against Women in India: The Law as Protector?,” paper presented at the Association of Women in Development ... Bureau, 1995, Crime in India- 1994, New Delhi. Prasad, Shally, 1996, “Instituting Measures to Address Violence Against Women in India, ” paper presented at the Association of Women in Development Interna- tional ... HIV/AIDS epidemic in India is spreading rapidly and increasingly will affect women’s health in coming years. A recent study estimated that between 2 and 5 million Indians are currently infected with HIV...

Ngày tải lên: 13/02/2014, 06:20

... transcriptase inhibitor(NNRTI)forrstlinetherapy 89 . In India, the NACOrecommendsaregimencontainingzidovudine orstavudinealongwithlamivudineandefavirenz 90 . RifamycinsinducethecytochromeCYP-450enzyme system ... effective drugs - including a uoroquinolone, an injectable agent (capreomycin, kanamycin,oramikacin)andatleasttwoagentsfrom the remaining second-line anti -tuberculosis drug classes ... to intermittentregimensamongHIV-infectedTBpatients 84 . Reviewoftheprimaryevidenceindicatesverylimited, low-qualityinformationonintermittency,mostlyfrom observational studies in the pre-antiretroviral era. DNAngerprintingstudies in India indicatethatmost of...

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 12:20

... routine urinalysis. In patients with renal or genital tuberculosis, urinalyses are abnormal in more than 90%, the main finding being pyuria, and/or hematuria. The finding of pyuria in an acid urine ... Disseminated tuberculosis . Disseminated tuberculosis oc- curs because of the inadequacy of host defenses in containing tuberculous infection. This failure of containment may occur in either ... of administration Injection of too little antigen Subcutaneous injection Delayed administration after drawing into syringe Injection too close to other skin tests Factors related to reading the...

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 12:20

... pri- vate information. Two interviewers were included in each interview: one mainly responsible for interviewing, and the other primarily responsible for noting and audio- recording. The interviews ... using an in- depth inter- view approach. Study setting Shaanxi province was conveniently selected. The prov- ince is located in the north western part of China, con- sists of 10 cities including ... According to the aim of the study, the researcher selected patients in different treatment phase, including intensive phase (the first 2 months) and continuation phase (the remaining 4 months), in...

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 12:20

... normal in a small fraction of symptomatic individuals, especially in the setting of HIV coinfection. Classic findings in postprimary pulmonary TB are alveolar infiltrates, interstitial infiltrates ... paren chyma. Tuberculosis involving the trachea is often also included in the definition. Extrapulmonary TB is disease involving any part of the body other than lung parenchyma including other structures within ... during coughing, sneezing and singing. Once bacilli laden nuclei are aerosolized they can remain suspended for hours, presenting an infection risk long after a person with TB has left an indoor...

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 12:20

... more sensitive than staining in 69% of total aspirates, including cases that were found negative with gram staining. Cultures are more specic in diagnosing early stage tuberculosis. (21) Mortality ... tuberculosis: current status in India. Indian J Med Res 2004;120:248-76. 7. Mannle C, Wiedemann K, Ruchalla E. The incidence of tuberculosis at an intensive care unit. Anasth Intensivther Notfallmed ... Mallampalli A. Managing TB in the 21st century: existing and novel drug therapies. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2008;2:401-8. 3. Agarwal S, Chauhan L. Tuberculosis Control in India. [Online]. 2005 [cited...

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 12:20

... EFFECTS 19.3.1 KANAMYCIN AND AMIKACIN PREPARATION AND DOSE Kanamycin (Novo) is available in injection formulation containing 1g/3ml vial. Amikancin (B-H Squibb) is available as an injection containing 1g/ml ... Resistance to kanamycin or amikacin induces also resistance to streptomycin. FLUOROQUINOLONES Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Sparfloxacin induce complete cross-resistance for all fluoroquinolones. There ... becoming infected during a one hour exposure period ahs been estimated to range from 1 in 600 (0,2%) to 1 in 4 (25%). Contaminated clothing, bedding, eating utensils and books, etc. are not involved...

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 12:20

... smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in people with HIV infection or AIDS in resource-constrained settings: informing urgent policy changes Haileyesus Getahun, Mark Harrington, Rick O’Brien, ... radiographs, and interpretation by clinical practitioners, including nurses, through specialised training and encouragement of participatory peer review by clinicians. Strengthening of referral ... processing with chemicals including bleach and centri- fugation yielded a mean 18% increase in sensitivity and an incremental yield (positives with bleach minus positives with Ziehl-Neelsen stain...

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 12:20

... are the main source of infection in a community. Only 10% of individuals develop clinical disease. The immune response in the remaining individuals only succeeds in containing the infection, ... role in me- diating innate immunity (Biron et al., 2002), and T cells primarily mediate the acquired immu- nity to pathogens, such as protecting against M. tuberculosis infection (Brunstein et ... diversity determines susceptibility to infectious diseases by sending inhibitory or activating signals. In our study, the increased presence of activating KIRs in patients with PTB may affect immune...

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 12:20

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 13:20

... renewed interest in examining the indications for BCG vaccination in the United States included consideration of the wide range of vaccine efficacies deter- mined by clinical trials and estimated in ... should continue to be included in ongoing testing programs if their skin-test results are <5 mm induration. Those vaccinees who have positive tuberculin skin-test reactions (≥5 mm of induration) ... useful in clarifying the variable information concerning the vaccine’s efficacy for preventing pulmonary TB in adoles- cents and adults. These studies also were not useful in determining a) the...

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 13:20

... the Reserve Bank of India, Directory of Commercial Bank O¢ ces in India 1800-2000 (Volume 1), Mumbai. These data include the opening (and closing) date of every bank branch in India, as well as ... The Reserve Bank of India divides states in India into six regions. Region-year …xed e¤ects ( rt ) control for macroeconomic ‡uctuations. 13 Finally, I include the average rainfall in 12 Matching credit ... All regressions include district fixed effects, year fixed effects, and rainfall. banking and politics in India, including the mechanisms by which politicians may in uence banks. In Section 2.3,...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 03:20

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 01:20