maximum likelihood tree for two sequences

... maximum- likelihood tree for two sequences 6.2.2 The complex case Computing the probability of an alignment for a fixed tree 6.3.1 Felsenstein’s pruning algorithm Finding a maximum- likelihood tree ... similarity for nucleotide sequences, or less than 25% similarity for amino acid sequences, such trees are of little value In general, the higher the similarity, the more likely the sequences are ... dynamics Evolution and speciation Data used for molecular phylogenetics What is a phylogenetic tree? Methods for inferring phylogenetic trees Is evolution always tree- like? Section II: Data preparation...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 10:20

... S, Miyano S: Bayesian Networks and Heteroscedastic for nonlinear modelling of Genetic Networks Computer Society Bioinformatics Conference 2002:219-227 Hartemink A, Gifford D, Jaakkola T, Young ... Genetic network: sparse linear undirected graph representation A genetic network can be viewed as an undirected graph,  = {V, W}, where V is a set of N nodes (one for each gene in the network), ... (CDC15) Training data for regression analysis N A training set for regression analysis, { n}n =1 , is created by generating training points for each gene from the data matrix E For gene n, the training...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 17:20

... pKa [38] for compounds processing multiple sites Unfortunately, up to now no reliable method has been available for predicting pKa over a wide range of molecular structures, either for simple ... these two energy states are determined by quantifying the perturbation For pKa, the perturbation of the initial state, assumed to be the protonated form, versus the unprotonated final form is ... contribution for C-S when C and S adjacent to each other, Si is a reduction factor for steric-induced twisting of C, and MLs is either or 0.7 for aromatic and π-ring systems, respectively For a reaction...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 14:20

... published can reach 0.73 for daily gain before weaning, [23], 0.48 or 0.50 for birth weight [29], 0.35 for four-month weight [27], 0.56 for weights before weaning [6] or 0.45 for weaning weight [7] ... accounted for by the added maternal effect The direct heritability was ˆ2 slightly overestimated (hAo = 0.23 for population and 0.07 for population 2) for the simulation model AMR25 For the simulation ... the literature for growth traits in cattle and sheep of temperate climate [30, 38,47]: 0.20 for direct heritability (h2 ), 0.30 for maternal heritability (h2 ) Ao Am and 0.05 for the part of...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:21

... of choice for this kind of study ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to J G6nermont for helpful discussion, D Boichard for providing a computer program for inbreeding, B Langlois for providing ... computed for successive values of the number of generations of ancestors considered and for the total pedigree information available The distribution of individual coefficients was analysed for offspring ... For this sample, Hardy-Weinberg heterozygosity (H) was computed for each locus according to the classical formula: and the effective number of alleles ) e (n was computed as follows: In the formulae,...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:22

... evaluation As pointed ort before, v , 2U2 U3 so sire solutions presented in Table - b,u, = - b for the two different models are not comparable Sires can be ranked for calving difficulty in the ... upper triangular, respectively Therefore Next, decomposeP -1] [; lower triangular, diagonal Ul’! ! I, which are Now, for each iterate i, sub-iterate with , li forj=0, 1, ; iteration can start with ... specified for the elements of these matrices This is not addressed in the present paper as it does not appear clear what densities should be considered for the distribution of covariance components For...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 22:23

... taken some form of medication for "nerves" or to sleep in the preceding 12 months (22.0% for girls, 8.0 for boys, p < 0.0001), 7.7% had taken this medication in the preceding 30 days (11.8% for girls ... is a bit higher in our study (0,1% for psychostimulants and 0.4% for antidepressants in the MGEN study versus 0.15% for methylphenidate and 0.5% for SSRI) For anxiolytics, the comparison is difficult ... were regularly taking some form of psychotropic medication (for at least months) for psychological purposes; 3.0% reported that they were being followed by a physician for a psychological problem...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20

... been genotyped for several loci, we can calculate, for each individual, the variance of the gene frequencies across loci and for each pair of individuals, the covariance between two individuals, ... Aa and aa will be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) For this locus, the molecular coancestry between two individuals will be the probability that two alleles, taken at random from each individual ... unlinked situation (Table 2), although the estimation improved for the small number of markers and worsened for the high number of markers For the situation with linkage, we also analyzed what happens...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:21

... different ages A VCV matrix for additive genetic and phenotypic effects for weight over a 450-day trajectory was derived based on the analysis performed by Fischer et al [2] Data for this analysis originated ... vector form of K ˆ of dimensions (k × k) × achieved by stacking the columns of K below one ˆ is the vector form of G of dimensions (t × t) × ˆ another, and similarly vec(G) It can be checked for ... on a third order CF for additive genetic effects, a ˆ VCV matrix (G) was constructed for weights at 10 equidistant ages (i.e defining Φ) Similarly, VCV matrices were derived for the other random...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:22

... A derivative-free approach for estimating variance components in animal models by restricted maximum likelihood J Anim Sci 64, 1362-1370 Harville DA (1977) Maximum likelihood approaches to variance ... tridiagonal form An-1 by a sequence of (n — 2) Householder transformations (for example, Wilkinson and Reinsch, 1971) In this sequence of Householder transformations, at the t stage, the transforth ... transformations carried out (t — 1), the rows which have been transformed (1 t - 1) and the next row (t) to be pivoted The complex case is more complicated; for example, formation of A for...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... import the first three rows for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { dtCopy.ImportRow(dt.Rows[i]); } } else if (selectRadioButton.Checked) { // Copy using result of Select( ) method foreach(DataRow row in dt.Select(ORDERID_FIELD ... dt.DefaultView; categoryView.RowFilter = ORDERID_FIELD + " >= 10300 AND " + ORDERID_FIELD + " < 10400"; for (int i = 0; i < categoryView.Count; i++) { dtCopy.ImportRow(categoryView[i].Row); } } // Bind...

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 18:15

... subset foreach(DataTable dtSource in dsSource.Tables) { // Add logic to selectively copy tables dsDest.Tables.Add(dtSource.Clone( )); } // Copy rows for selected employee from the Orders table foreach(DataRow ... DataRelation(sourceRelation.RelationName, parentCols, childCols, false)); } // Set the enforce constraints flag to match the source DataSet dsDest.EnforceConstraints = dsSource.EnforceConstraints; // Bind the default view of the Orders ... the collection of relations in the source foreach(DataRelation sourceRelation in dsSource.Relations) { // Get the name of the parent and child table for the relation String parentTableName =...

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 18:15

... an image from a database in a Web Forms Image control is easy to do, but not straightforward Fortunately, it is much simpler with ASP.NET than it was in ASP Two web pages are required: one that ... modified version of Northwind, where the Photo field has been updated for all employees to remove the OLE image header For more information, see the online sample code [ Team LiB ] ... employeeIdTextBox.Text; } The code-behind that serves the image contains one event handler: Form.Load Retrieves the image from the database for the specified employee ID The image is served by setting the HTTP MIME...

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 18:15

... where the Photo field has been updated for all employees to remove the OLE image header For more information, see the online sample code Binding Windows Forms Controls The abstract BindingManagerBase ... 7-16 File: DisplayDatabaseImageForm.cs // Namespaces, variables, and constants using System; using System.Configuration; using System.Drawing; using System.Windows.Forms; using System.IO; using ... BindingManagerBase class synchronizes all Windows Forms controls (i.e., Binding objects) that are bound to the same data source so that they display information from the object within the data source,...

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 18:15

... view the personnel data for all employees The personnel information page displays a Click Laura to access the personnel data for this employee The personnel information for Laura is displayed ... collection of data stored in the form of tables For example, personnel data for all the employees of an organization can be stored in the Employee table Need for related tables A table is a set ... its employees, it is becoming difficult for the company to disseminate information, such as company policies, employee performance data, and personnel information and policies, to the employees...

Ngày tải lên: 11/12/2013, 14:15

... procedure performs an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement that affects another table besides the main one you are pushing a change to For example, say the DeleteProduct() procedure also performed an ... identity value inserted into a table performed within the current database session and stored procedure, so SCOPE_IDENTITY returns the ProductID for the new row in the Products table in ... attempt to delete the row from the Products table In this example, you must use SET NOCOUNT ON before performing the INSERT into the ProductAudit table, as shown in Listing 11.7 Listing 11.7: DELETEPRODUCT2.SQL...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 13:15

... displays the original values for the ProductID, ProductName, and UnitPrice DataColumn objects using the DataRowVersion.Original constant These are the DataColumn values before they are changed The ... the ProductID of the new DataRow return (int) myNewDataRow["ProductID"]; } Notice that no value for the ProductID DataColumn is set in step This is because the ProductID is automatically generated ... procedure is run to add the new row to the Products table The database then generates a new ProductID for the row, which is then returned by the AddProduct4() stored procedure You can then read the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 13:15

... servers rather than through ad hoc connector names as shown in the sample will improve performance For more information about using linked servers, see Microsoft SQL Server Books Online Ad-hoc connector ... all connection information required to access the data source The functions allow the row sets to be subsequently referenced like any other table in SQL statements For more information about OPENROWSET ... heterogeneous data sources to be accessed without setting up linked servers by providing the information required to connect to each data source in the SQL statement This is done using either...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 18:16

... view the personnel data for all employees The personnel information page displays a Click Laura to access the personnel data for this employee The personnel information for Laura is displayed ... collection of data stored in the form of tables For example, personnel data for all the employees of an organization can be stored in the Employee table Need for related tables A table is a set ... its employees, it is becoming difficult for the company to disseminate information, such as company policies, employee performance data, and personnel information and policies, to the employees...

Ngày tải lên: 21/12/2013, 19:15

... object Console.WriteLine("\nDataRowView objects in customersDV:\n"); foreach (DataRowView myDataRowView in customersDV) { for (int count = 0; count < customersDV.Table.Columns.Count; count++) ... committed in the underlying DataTable until you call the AcceptChanges() method of your DataTable For example: customersDT.AcceptChanges(); Note You can call the RejectChanges() method of a DataTable ... DisplayDataRow( DataRow myDataRow, DataTable myDataTable ) { Console.WriteLine("\nIn DisplayDataRow()"); foreach (DataColumn myDataColumn in myDataTable.Columns) { Console.WriteLine(myDataColumn + "= "...

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 01:17