markers maps and population genetics

... NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY AMSTERDAM OXFORD MOLECULAR POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION MASATOSHI NEI Center for Denlogruphic and Population Genetics University of Texas at Houstort NORTH-HOLLAND ... observations and theoretical (mathematical) studies I have also tried to understand this subject in the background of classical population genetics and evolution In the development of molecular population ... growth and regulation of populations and then some basic mathematical models of natural selection 4.2 Growth and regulation of populations 1) Exponential growth When abundant resource and space...

Ngày tải lên: 08/04/2014, 12:58

... Random drift and shifting balance theory of evolution In : KojimA K (ed.), Mathematical topics in population genetics, 1-31, Springer-Verlag, Berlin WARD - WRIGHT S., 1977 Evolution and the genetics ... deeper in the sea and with a low diversification, were virtually unaffected Evaluation of this extinction led to the conclusion that the population genetics rate and, secondarily, population size ... accordance with this theory based on population genetics and is explained as being the result of decreased vulnerability resulting from their nocturnal habits and/ or large population size Received February...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 22:22

... & BURNS, 1981) and ultimately the phenotype and fitness of individuals The study of metabolically related enzymes has likely potential in detecting and understanding epistasis and the forces ... apple (traps C, D and H), cherry (traps A, B, E, I, J, K and N) and peach (traps G, L, M and Q) (tabl 2) Plum trees comprise only a small proportion of the trees in the orchard and were not included ... decrease in Gpdh-F frequency during late summer a result and autumn in apple orchard and woodland populations in North America consistent with the Wandin North temperature association Macrogeographic...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 22:23

... EHNKE (B 1968) and the Atlantic area where evolutionary relationships between predominantly resident populations (e.g Brittany) and predominantly anadromous populations (e.g Normandy) have not ... were selected and studied (populations 1, 2, and 6, table 1) A 5th important stock (Bidarray hatchery, Pyrénées atlantiques) an studied elsewhere (G et al., 1984) Moreover, populations and 5, UYOMARD ... (4) without canadian populations : populations, 32 loci ; (6) R 1983 : 35 populations, 35 loci ; , YMAN (7) Our study : 12 wild populations, 46 loci ; (8) Our study : hatchery populations, 46 loci...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 22:23

... five Asian population cohorts 129 Table 10 varRecM scores at top percentiles for pair-wise comparisons of the three HapMap populations between CEU and JPT + CHB, CEU and YRI, YRI and JPT + ... comparisons of HapMap populations 176 Table 12 The 20 strongest signals of varRecM score in comparison of populations of SGVP Chinese and Indians, and Chinese and HapMap East Asians ... frequencies are identical in the cases and controls within a population or population 2, it appears there are dramatic differences in CC and TT genotypes among cases and controls in the combined data...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 10:07

... and breaking sticks: random distributions and heterogeneous clustering Peter J Green Introduction Mixture models and the Dirichlet process Applications and generalisations P´lya urn schemes and ... and mathematical population genetics Warren J Ewens and Geoffrey A Watterson Introduction Background Putting it together Robustness A convergence result Partition structures ‘Age’ properties and ... process 14 The associated random walk and martingales in random walks with stationary increments D R Grey Introduction and definition Three examples Some remarks on duality and asymptotic independence...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 22:21

... mortality and area weighted and toxicityweighted release the Great Plains persists across all GWR results, along with higher values along the Pacific coast and in parts of the Midwest and Northeast ... adjacent to metropolitan areas (codes 3,4,5,6,7,9 and 10), and non-metropolitan areas not adjacent to metropolitan areas (codes 8,11 and1 2) Data sources and variables The EPA’s Discharge Monitoring ... each watershed and county intersection We used the LandScan Global dataset [27] which estimates population at a grid with cells approximately km by km in size We then created a population- weighted...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 23:20

... (S) Population education enables students to: • explain the relationships between population and environment, population and resources, population and economic development, and population and ... Accurate and up-to-date data can help ensure that efforts focus on the health and developmental needs of the target population Concerns and perceptions vary by age and gender and by demographic and ... development and reproductive health • fail to recognise and address concerns and demands of community leaders who oppose interventions addressing family life, reproductive health, and population...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 12:20

... are called ‘harmonic maps. ’ In this situation, the harmonic maps are precisely the rational maps and their complex conjugates (see [2, (11.5)]) In particular, being conformal maps from a surface, ... Wloc (R2 \S) as n → ∞ REPULSION AND QUANTIZATION IN ALMOST-HARMONIC MAPS 469 We refer to the map u∞ : S → S as a ‘body’ map, and the maps ω i : S → S as ‘bubble’ maps The points {x1 , , xm } ... k ≥ and sufficiently large n Almost-harmonic maps — the proof of Theorem 1.2 The goal of this section is to understand the structure of maps whose tension field is small when measured in L2 , and...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 22:20

... An Introduction to Mathematical Logic and Type Theory, Orlando: Academic Press Inc [Andrews, 2002] Andrews, P.B., 2002 An Introduction to Mathematical Logic and Type Theory, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic ... investigated three thousand sentences for each temporal marker and discovered the following facts: The semantic and syntactic properties of the phrase accompanying the temporal markers play an important ... λe (S2•S1•e & ending•e < pt_speech()) Figure Dico and rules In composition rules, the symbol ‘→’ stands for syntactic rewriting and ‘

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 03:20

... geneticists Both humans and fruit flies exhibit genetic variation in natural populations, and this variation demands an evolutionary investigation Population genetics and its GreatObsession grew ... one from its mother and the other from its father Population genetics, like other areasof genetics, is concernedwith alleles that differ one from another However, in population genetics there are ... its expanded incarnation My goal has been to focus on that part of population genetics that is central and incontrovertible I feel strongly that a student who understands well the core of population...

Ngày tải lên: 08/04/2014, 13:08

... Contents of Fordy Wood file:///tmp/index.htm The twistor approach Twistors, nilpotent orbits and harmonic maps, P.Z Kobak, p 295 Index Index of terms used in the articles, p 323 This page is maintained...

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 16:50

... values c Between patients and population controls d Between the patients who completed the questionnaires (baseline and admission, n = 133) and those excluded (n = 64) b Number and home municipality ... determine a) the differences in the 15D score and dimensions between patients and population controls, and b) the differences between the baseline and admission measurements within the patient ... (including patients and population controls) were from capital area A total of 75 (28%) participants were from other urban area and 48 (18%) from rural area A comparison between patients and population...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 15:20

... [0, ) and (3.14) implies (3.15), and the conclusion of Corollary 3.3 follows from Corollary 3.2 (b) Theorems 3.1-3.4 and Corollaries 3.1 and 3.2 all generalize and improve [5, Theorem 3.4] and ... ∅ Remark 4.2 (a) Corollary 4.3 and Corollary 4.4 are indeed equivalent (b) Theorems 4.1-4.6 and Corollaries 4.1-4.4 all generalize and improve [5, Theorem 2.6] and the primitive Kannan’s fixed ... l.s.c; (w3) for any ε > 0, there exists δ > such that p(z, x) ≤ δ and p(z, y) ≤ δ imply d(x, y) ≤ ε Recently, Lin and Du introduced and studied τ-functions [5,9,18-22] A function p: X × X ® [0, ∞)...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 22:20

... continued by Hussain et al [26], Latif and Al-Mezel [27], and Marín et al [1] In particular, the authors of [27] and [1] have obtained a Rakotch-type and a Bianchini-Grandolfi-type fixed point theorems, ... < t and limr→t+ sup ϕ(r) < t for all t >0, and such that, for each x, y Î X and each u Î Tx there exists v Î Ty with q(u, v) ≤ (q(x, y)) Theorem 2.6 Let (X, d) be a complete T qpm space and ... z Î Tz and q(z, z) = Proof By hypothesis, there is a function  : [0, ∞) ® [0, ∞) satisfying (0) = 0, (t) < t and limr→t+ sup ϕ(r) < t for all t >0, and such that for each x, y Î X and u Î...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 02:20

... integers, v ∈ X, and let di j (x) be defined as in (∗ ) Suppose there exist nonnegative real numbers a0 ,a1 ,a2 , ,an−1 and b0 ,b1 ,b2 , Fixed Point Theory and Applications with n −1 i=0 ≤ and ∞ j =0 ... is continuous, and inf x∈X d(x, f (x)) = inf n∈N d(x1n ,x2n ) = inf n∈N 1/n = Let c5 = a7 ≥ be a real number, and let other coefficients , c j , and bk be all 0, then both (A.1) and (A.3) hold ... given (X,d) and f : X → X, since d( f (x), f (y)) ≤ 1, and c5 d( f (x), f (x)) = a7 d( f (x), f (x)) = 1, both (A.2) and (A.4) hold, too However, it is clear that f has no fixed points, and each...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 19:20

... 2 Diametrically contractive maps and fixed points references therin; we will call them shrinking We briefly recall some results and properties of maps in this class: (1) the fixed point, ... 1, 81–82 8 Diametrically contractive maps and fixed points [9] B Sims, Examples of fixed point free mappings, Handbook of Metric Fixed Point Theory (W A Kirk and B Sims, eds.), Kluwer Academic, ... diametrically contractive maps are shrinking; (2) if M is a compact set and T is shrinking, then it is diametrically contractive; (3) there are examples of shrinking maps that are not diametrically...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 22:20

... et al [9], Jungck and Sessa [12], Khan and Khan [13], O’Regan and Shahzad [15], Rhoades and Saliga [16], Sahab et al [18], Shahzad [19–21], and Singh [22] Common fixed point and approximation ... -commuting maps and invariant approximations Theorem 2.2 Let I and T be self -maps on a q-starshaped subset M of a p-normed space X Assume that cl(T(M)) ⊂ I(M), q ∈ F(I), and I is affine Suppose that T and ... Al-Thagafi and Shahzad’s [2, Theorem 2.2 ], Dotson’s [3, Theorem 1], Guseman and Peters’s [4, Theorem 2], and Hussain and Berinde’s [7, Theorem 3.6] Theorem 3.1 Let T and I be self -maps on a compact...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 22:20

... ∈ , , if x ∈ 0, otherwise (3.4) Note on KKM maps and applications It is obvious that E is not compact and Tx is convex for all x ∈ E Put y1 = 1/2 and y2 = 3/4 Then it follows that co y1 , y2 ... theorem and minimax theorem Theorem 4.1 (Ky Fan’s coincidence theorem) Let X and Y be nonempty convex subsets of topological vector spaces E and F, respectively Let A,B : X → 2Y be two maps satisfying ... 1, ,l and t = 1,2, ,k By the convexities of A−1 x and B y, we have y0 ∈ Ax0 and y0 ∈ Bx0 This completes the proof Remark 4.2 The classical Ky Fan’s coincidence theorem assume that both X and Y...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 22:20

... (2.16) and (2.17), respectively Then, there exists x ∈ ᏼ2 which is a fixed point of T and satisfies R1 ≤ x ≤ R2 (b) Suppose (H3) and (H4) hold and that there exist two positive numbers R1 and R2 ... Raffoul and C C Tisdell 375 where A3 and B3 are given by (2.18) and (2.19), respectively Then, there exists x ∈ ᏼ3 which is a fixed point of T and satisfies R1 ≤ x ≤ R2 Proof Suppose (H1), (H2), and ... Conditions (H2) and (H3) will have to be handled 372 Positive periodic solutions separately That is, we define two cones; namely, ᏼ2 and ᏼ3 Thus, for each y ∈ ᐄ set ᏼ2 = y ∈ ᐄ : y(n) ≥ 0, n ∈ Z, and y(n)...

Ngày tải lên: 23/06/2014, 00:20