m amp a investment to low income countries 1997 2010

... 25 A Guide to LIC Debt Sustainability Analysis an extraordinary episode may have to be excluded when computing historical averages Alternatively, historical averages of similar countries may ... these assets into account Example: A small island economy A small island economy has suffered from a substantial decline in its main export item As a consequence, its NPV of debt to exports ratio ... the example of an external DSA Section “Conclusion” summarizes the core features and issues of a DSA See IDA and IMF “Operational Framework for Debt Sustainability Assessments in Low- Income Countries...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 14:20

... complex categorization of large sets of qualitative data than when done manually Domain analysis was subsequently conducted by a research team member and assistant Quantitative data were analyzed ... purposes) Human Resources for Health 2007, 5:8 agement development programs at Pfizer, which may make it appear to be a "side track" from a standard corporate career advancement track Strategic issues ... Research and Manufacturers of America: Global Partnerships Washington, DC: PhRMA; 2003 Ahn M, Herman A, Damonti J: Public-private partnerships in health care for developing countries: a new paradigm...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 17:20

... attached to a government health facility from which she received training, a small allowance, and medical supplies Candidates had to be recommended by the community and meet a set of criteria, ... al.’s Mozambique study: “An appropriate comparator to tecnicos de cirurgia would be a ‘do nothing’ comparator as opposed to using formally trained surgeons a more realistic alternative for patients ... Odgaard-Jensen J, Johansen M, Aja GN, Zwarenstein M, Scheel IB: Lay health workers in primary and community health care for maternal and child health and the management of infectious diseases...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 17:20

... choices into desired actions and outcomes [58] The literature about patient empowerment and selfmanagement already brought about a major paradigm shift, from a so called ‘traditional medical’ to a collaborative ... effectiveness and the capacity to mobilise resources This is an imperative for health system to guarantee optimal access to care and to self-management support and to address wider social determinants ... External motivation Internal Motivation Motivation via different channels, internal and external assemble a personal self-management support package existing of communication tools, practical support...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 14:21

... soft IDA terms) to which a low income country has access will increase or decrease as a result of the Bank’s application of a “governance factor” to its CPIA and portfolio performance ratings ... Institution MDG Millennium Development Goal PBA Performance Based Allocation PNG Private Non Guaranteed PV Present Value EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Debt Sustainability Framework sets out a proposal by the ... Executive Summary Introduction Debt Sustainability and Debt Indicators Debt Sustainability Framework Debt Distress Performance Based Allocation System 10 Allocation of Grants 14 Financing of Grants...

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 08:15

... is a variable that is monitored in IMF programs and countries will be working towards improvements in estimation A moral hazard argument is advanced against the use of government revenue in that ... Gross National Income (GNI) is used to measure capacity to make debt service payments and estimate debt indicators Although it measures the size of the economy, it does not translate into a capacity ... Countries: Proposal for an Operational Framework and Policy Implications by Mark Allen and Gobind Nankani, IMF and IDA, February 3, 2004 Debt Sustainability and Financing Terms in IDA 14, IDA, June 2004...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... shocks to the economic system are largely unanticipated and have a negative impact on several macroeconomic variables These are natural disasters such floods and droughts, political instability ... IDA 14 The international community has also made it a central concern in other multilateral development banks where replenishment negotiations are under way Following Board approval of the broad ... agreement and on which adequate research work has been done It is necessary to reiterate that the principal objective of the framework is to assist low- income countries maintain sustainable debt...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... management, including management of inflation and the current account; fiscal policy; management of external debt; and management and sustainability of the development program; • Structural policies, ... threshold targets World Bank staff uses a formula to divide up the funds available for low- income countries that includes “need” (income per capita) and “performance.” For the fiscal years 2003 to 2005, ... low- income countries taking into account both “need” and “performance.” The CPIA is an important input in calculating a country’s performance rating In order to establish a government’s overall...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... income levels receive IDA allocations on different terms based on the debt indicators A moral hazard argument could also be advanced that those who mismanaged past borrowings are being rewarded ... beyond that set for the achievement of the MDGs It is more important to increase grant funding as quickly as possible to countries, particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa, to achieve the MDGs by ... commitment authority of IDA A measure of the problem is illustrated by the fact that if 20 percent of the allocations from IDA 14 onwards are in the form of grants, without additional grant financing...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... income levels receive IDA allocations on different terms based on the debt indicators A moral hazard argument could also be advanced that those who mismanaged past borrowings are being rewarded ... beyond that set for the achievement of the MDGs It is more important to increase grant funding as quickly as possible to countries, particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa, to achieve the MDGs by ... repayment period of up to 40 years IDA and its borrowers may face resource availability Ibid footnote 3, page 12 If grants are 50 percent of the IDA allocations, it is estimated that the commitment...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... all low income countries The PBA System Debt Sustainability in Low Income Countries: Further Consideration on an Operational Framework and Policy Implications, IDA/SecM 2004-0629, IDA, September ... terms may have to be made if concessional funds including grants are not available in the required amounts A different set of considerations may prevail if only a single debt indicator is above ... of in the DSAs While the DSAs and risk assessments are to be done in a collaborative manner, it is understood that each institution will make its own assessment and report separately to its respective...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... international community, in general, and IDA, in particular, to allocate credits and grants to low- income countries in ways that foster debt sustainability and achievement of the MDGs Recommendations also ... the smaller low- income countries 64 Since CPIAs are central to the PBA system there is a need to discuss the process by which these assessments are made There does not appear to be a full awareness ... debt is a drain on resources that is similar to external public debt Some countries have accumulated domestic debt to sterilize large external aid inflows Whatever the reason, the impact on the...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... principal and other payments The basic ratio refers only to long and medium-term debt which covers all loans with an original maturity of one year and above b) The Interest Service Ratio is the ratio ... value indicators to take account of the latest debt situation in the country Debt Structure Indicators a) The Roll Over Ratio compares principal repayments to disbursements It could be estimated ... non-factor services c) Public debt outstanding to GDP or GNI ratio compares the total of domestic and external outstanding to the size of the economy Present Value Indicators a) The Present Value...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... in column A to the averaged (absolute) ratings in columns “B” and “C.” Rating criteria The Bank rates each low- income country government on twenty criteria using a numerical scale (from to 6) ... criteria is summarized as follows Few changes have been made in the 2003 version Economic management • Management of inflation and current account Countries with the highest rating (6) have not ... needed a stabilization program for years or more Countries with the lowest rating (1) have needed, but have not had, an acceptable program for years or more Some countries have not been rated and...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... for Health (MSH) Egypt Management Effectiveness Programme, Egypt Management Effectiveness Programme, Myanmar Outlines a team and goal-based approach to developing leadership and management skills ... drugs and information Many health managers have been trained in at least some aspects of financial management, often for particular sources of money In contrast, human resource management and maintenance ... support systems For example, many health managers spend a lot of time learning about planning and then, formulating the plans Many countries have also made major efforts to improve the management of...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 14:20

... stimulated by a negative income shock A central feature of the model is the incorporation of a guaranteed level of income that can be accepted as an alternative to a negative income shock The primary ... testing that the macroeconomic and decision variables were simultaneously equal to zero and thus loans and membership fluctuated randomly about a constant mean in each half of the year H was rejected ... designed to allow it to operate among agents that are excluded from using banks due to the impact of informational asymmetries Specifically credit unions deal with those potentially on the minimum income...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 07:20

... is a variable that is monitored in IMF programs and countries will be working towards improvements in estimation A moral hazard argument is advanced against the use of government revenue in that ... the domestic debt market may be in early stages of development, government arrears and Central Bank and commercial bank overdrafts are often significant Similarly private sector external debt ... tied to the Performance Based Allocation (PBA) system used by IDA which in Debt Sustainability in Low Income Countries: Proposal for an Operational Framework and Policy Implications by Mark Allen...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 03:20

... Ortjohann, Worpong Sinsukthavorn, Max Lingemann, Nedzad Hamsic, Marius Hoppe, Paramet Wirasanti, Andreas Schmelter, Samer Jaloudi and Danny Morton Chapter 16 Energy Efficiency and Electrical Power ... efficiency improvements, energy consumption has to be managed as any other activity – an energy management system (EMS) must be implemented 9 Smart Energy Cities - Transition Towards a Low Carbon ... peak demand is decreased Smart meters along with energy management systems enable real time consumption monitoring both by consumers and utilities and enable use of smart appliances After installing...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 17:20

... for antiretroviral treatment and an assessment of a simplified HIV/AIDS case definition in rural Malawi AIDS 2007, 21(Suppl 6):S105-113 Vijayaraghavan A, Efrusy MB, Mazonson PD, Ebrahim O, Sanne ... World Health Organisation: 2009http://www.who.int/whosis/database/ life_tables/life_tables.cfm 25 Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS), Zanzibar AIDS Commission (ZAC), Tanzania National Bureau of ... Marlink RG, Mwinga A, Ellerbrock TV, Sinkala M: Rapid Scale-up of Antiretroviral Therapy at Primary Care Sites in Zambia: Feasibility and Early Outcomes JAMA 2006, 296:782-793 Etard J, Ndiaye I, Thierry-Mieg...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:21