light waves and interference

... spectrum includes not just visible light, but also radio waves, infrared light, ultraviolet light, X rays, and gamma rays Newton’s studies of light in the late 1600s and early 1700s started one of ... where the waves of light are canceling each other out Since light produces interference patterns as other waves do, it too must be a wave Young also calculated the actual size of light waves The ... visible light Maxwell’s equations said there should be waves with lower amounts of energy than visible light, and waves with higher amounts of energy Two of these other kinds of light waves were...

Ngày tải lên: 18/03/2016, 01:09

... news and other information The third concentration would be in standard lighting sources such as architectural lighting, aerospace and automotive interior lighting, exit signs and emergency lighting, ... in visible light wireless communication using lighting equipment Proposal LED Lighting Equipments First, we design two proposal lighting equipments They are general lighting and downlight Table ... response, and cooler operation, compared with conventional lighting devices The white LED will eventually replace incandescent or uorescent lights in oces and homes [4.14.3] CHAPTER INDOOR VISIBLE LIGHT...

Ngày tải lên: 26/10/2013, 16:43

... Red light has a wavelength of about 650 nm and blue light has a wavelength of about 500 nm Electromagnetic radiation includes all forms of radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ... 25-W incandescent light bulb measured LIGHT AND BLACKBODY EMISSION Intensity 400 500 Figure 1.4.3 600 700 800 Wavelength (nm) 900 1000 Output of an incandescent lamp both at full power and at ... here, and it may be surprising that this light which we call white is very rich in red and orange light (600 to 700 nm) and relatively weak in violet and blue light (400 to 500 nm) We shall revisit...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 14:28

... under a 375 nmlight ‘‘ON’’ and ‘‘OFF’’ The response and decay times are about s and 20 s, respectively In comparison with individual WO3 nanowire photodetectors (Fig 3f), the response and decay time, ... Y Bando and D Golberg, Adv Mater., 2010, 22, 5145 J P Liu, X T Huang, Y Y Li, X X Ji, Z K Li, X He and F L Sun, J Phys Chem C, 2007, 111, 4990; L Li, T Y Zhai, H B Zeng, X S Fang, Y Bando and ... Y Bando, U K Gautam, C H Ye and D Golberg, J Mater Chem., 2008, 18, 509 X S Fang, Y Bando, C H Ye, G Z Shen, U K Gautam, C C Tang and D Golberg, Chem Commun., 2007, 4093; Y B Tang, H T Cong and...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 13:12

... J1-007P Light stress-induced one-helix protein of the chlorophyll a/b-binding family associated with photosystem I U B Andersson1,2, M Heddad1 and I Adamska1,2 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, ... the structure and function of photosystem I and II P Fromme, H Yu, Y Bukman, D Ni, B Varco-Merth, D Chauhan, C Vanselow, C Jolley, R Fromme and I Grotjohann Department of Chemistry and Biochemsitry, ... from dark to light adapted state J1-012P Thermo-optically induced monomerization of trimers of the main light harvesting antenna complexes of plants in vivo and in vitro Quantum yield and dependencies...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 15:20

... collaboration, and we thought we had the time of our life THE INTERACTION OF OCEAN WAVES AND WIND iii I would like to thank Gerbrand Komen, Klaus and Susanne Hasselmann, Mark Donelan and Luigi Cavaleri ... related to the period and wave length of the ocean waves and a much longer time and length scale related to changes due to small effects of non-linearity and the growth of waves by wind Using perturbation ... OCEAN WAVES AND WIND with k the wavenumber and ω the angular frequency Wave number and angular frequency are related to the wave length λ and the frequency f of the wave according to k = 2π/λ and...

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 17:00

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 17:19

Ngày tải lên: 04/06/2014, 12:42

... between PDR and received signal strength is not straight forward and noise and interference have a large impact on the mapping Second, different receivers have different sensitivity levels and using ... emission and consumption for IEEE 802.15.4 and present the results in Figures 3(c) and 3(e) The power trade-off for IEEE 802.15.4 with different packet-sizes is presented in Figures 3(d) and 3(f) ... PDR-table and expected energy emission and consumption for IEEE 802.11 14 15 EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking larger transmission power levels From Figures 2(c) and 3(c),...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 11:20

... desired signal and jth interference, respectively i j (k) has the same structure as s(k) , and J is the total number of interferences Each interference can be modeled as narrowband or wideband signal ... mutual coupling effect and [1] J J Spilker and F D Natali, Interference effects and mitigation techniques,” in Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, B W Parkinson and J J Spilker, Eds., ... dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) and MB static random access memory (SRAM), joint test action group (JTAG), and RS232, which employs SoPC Builder to configure the system on a chip and also...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 16:20

... (n ≤ 3) and if (n > 3); that is, the fraction of PU arrivals that perceive P low interference (n ≤ 3) and the fraction that perceive high ft interference (n > 3) Figure plots P2 and the interference ... systems (S3) and (S4) The aim is to use these models to compare the interference in a system deploying the proposed CAP and repacking schemes with the interference in the conventional random channel ... band, the arrival of a PU will force the termination of one SU when there are N − i + SUs in the second band, of two SUs when there are N − i + SUs in the second band, and so on The second and...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 17:20

... caused by interference between light diffracted and transmitted at the poles of the microsphere [18] As can be seen in Fig 6b, the WGM peaks are in fact grouped together and a periodic interference ... substrate and the corresponding interference images The dark cross indicates the excitation position anti-Stokes spectral regions (Fig 6) Both down and up-converted PL emissions from QDs and WGM ... resultant interference light is generated by multiple reflections between the microsphere surface and the Si wafer surface As the excitation spot shifts well off the microsphere rim, the number of interference...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 22:20

... approaches) versus SNR and INR for nst = nsr = L = 2, nt = nr = 8, ρ1 = ρ2 = SNR, and η1,2 = η2,1 = INR results given in Sections and of this paper for weak and strong interference and SNR Figure shows ... , SL ) = (1/nst )(Inst , , Inst ), and t = γ p To assert the weak signal and interference assumptions, we set ηi, j → for all i, j and ρi → for all i and in this case we find Q−1 i d d ˜ ˜ ... p,p and define S1 , , SL from (14) Assuming sufficiently = α γ1 Inst + − γ1 Onst , , γL Inst + − γL Onst , (14) Max MIMO System MI with Antenna Selection and Interference weak interference and...

Ngày tải lên: 23/06/2014, 01:20

... Narrowband and Wideband Digital Modulations .21 Properties of Spread Spectrum Signals .30 Code Division Multiplexing and Multiple Access 41 Multi-Cell or Multi-Beam CDMA 54 Interference ... Approach to CDMA and Interference Mitigation between the TDMA and CDMA terrestrial armies was taking momentum, in our little corner we went on studying, understanding, experimenting, and improving ... Approach to CDMA and Interference Mitigation 1.1 Multi-Rate CDMA Signal 81 1.2 Receiver Overall Architecture 82 1.3 From Analog IF to Digital Baseband 83 1.4 Decimation and Chip Matched...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 20:23

... for interference mitigation (cancellation), and with the specifications of the case considered in the book and referred to as MUSIC (Multi USer and Interference Cancellation) NARROWBAND AND WIDEBAND ... 2-1 and 2-2 It can be shown, in fact, that the PSD of the DS/SS signal is given by the convolution between the narrowband PSD of the data and the wideband PSD of the spreading sequence, and that ... only viable solution of handling the exponentially increasing algorithmic complexity (which is mainly owed to multiple standards, adaptability and increased functionality) and the battery power...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 20:23

... Crosses and triangles refer to the downlink for the worst and average case, respectively, and have been plotted by using (2.128) with the settings (2.129) for the WC and (2.134) for the AC Dots and ... different bit rates on the same bandwidth This can be achieved by maintaining a fixed chip rate Rc (and therefore a fixed spread spectrum bandwidth B (SS) ) and by concurrently varying the spreading ... accuracy is much more challenging for wideband DS/SS signals than for narrowband modulation, and is usually split in the two phases of coarse acquisition and fine tracking The first is activated...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 20:23

... to baseband Let us focus on the issue of quantization of k , sin( k ) and cos( k ) , and let us determine the number of required bits First of all, assume for the moment that the sine and cosine ... period, the leading period, and the trailing period) whose elements are denoted as yie e y k y1 k y0 k y1 k and y i (k ) y( k i) L , y( k i)L , , y( k T i) L L , (2.166) and h e ( k ) is a similarly ... the kth and the (k+1)th symbol periods for the detection of the kth symbol, the second unit processes the kth, the (k+1)th and the (k+2)th periods, for the detection of the (k+1)th symbol, and the...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 20:23

... 3-36 The two loop parameters and (which in the following will be also referred as CPRU and CPRU , respectively) can be related to the noise loop (as is bandwidth BL and to the loop damping factor ... Digital CDMA Receiver 127 damping factor and loop bandwidth as above On the other hand, what we see in Figure 3-37 is actually a joint acquisition of the CPRU and the ECBAID During the first stage ... FIR filter must be computed and stored for every value of , and the filter must be initialized by loading the coefficients ( g keq ) every time is changed Figures 3-16 and 3-17 show the frequency...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 20:23

... 1.8A and 2A If the threshold is crossed, the phase error should be stable and close to one of the four lock point multiples of /2 Figures 3-41 and 3-42 show the evolution of the lock metrics and ... DETECTION AND INTERFERENCE MITIGATION Implementation of a single-channel interference mitigating CDMA detector represents the main novelty of the MUSIC project In this Section we present the interference ... (3.113) and of the output computer (3.106) ci + + + b b’ + - ,n Figure 3-46 EC-BAID-II detector: xie,n and yie are the elements of x e ,n and y e , respectively The final architecture of EC-BAID-I and...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 20:23

... Synthesis and optimization Synthesis and optimization Tool : :Synopsys FPGA Compiler II Tool Synopsys FPGA Compiler II EDIF netlist Pin assignments Final synthesis and fitting Final synthesis and fitting ... Tables 4-7 and 4-8 report the breakdown of the synthesis results of flex-I and flex-II on PROTEO-I, respectively For each building block the required number of LEs and EABs is reported, and the ... efficiency and verifying compliance towards a given reference standard Based on these IPs designers can develop floating point models of digital modems by defining suitable algorithms and verifying...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 20:23