leptin signaling in the central nervous system

... expressing CCR1, CCR2 or CCR5 mRNA within and around inflammatory foci in the spinal cord of rats with EAE, thus identifying potential determinants for trafficking of these cells to the CNS These findings ... immunization) of EAE show extensive inflammation involving the white and grey matter (D), with marked demyelination in the inflammatory areas (F) The majority of the infiltrating inflammatory cells are macrophages, ... rats in the acute phase (day 13) revealed marked inflammatory lesions in the white and grey matter of the spinal cord (Fig 3D) Within the inflammatory infiltrates, numerous actively phagocytosing...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... treatment, there was a 2.5-fold increase in apoptosis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and a 4-fold increase in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (DG) The increased cell death persisted in the SVZ ... F4/80 staining was markedly increased at day in one of the ten mice treated with 5-FU (Figure 11a,b) In this animal, there was diffuse microglial activation throughout the brain, including the primary ... 5c,d) As >90% of the BrdU+ cells in the CC were Olig2+, these results indicate that the reduction in DNA synthesis observed in this tissue predominantly affected O-2A/OPCs [97,98,101] In contrast...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 18:21

... single positive-staining bacteria were found in the neuronal processes Both nNOS and iNOS immunoreactivity were found in a proportion of the neurons in the brainstem and the staining pattern was ... and iNOS in neurons increased when bacterial encephalitis occurred This is the first study of NOS expression in the goat brain with listeriosis The involvement of iNOS in bovine and caprine listeriosis ... observed in inflammatory microabscesses Counterstained with hematoxylin Magnification: ×132 C: Immunohistochemical staining of inducible NOS in the caprine brain with natural listeriosis shows that iNOS...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 14:23

... nanoparticles will interact with the proteins present in the biological system, i.e the material surrounding the nanoparticles are proteins present in the nervous system of the cockroach Discussion The results ... by the nAuNPs The XPS was used to verify the presence of nAuNPs embedded in the brain tissue The confocal microscope and TEM were used to gain insights into the interaction of nAuNPs and the insect’s ... vibration in the building Although proteins not break into ions, introducing charged particles into the nervous system causes an imbalance in the signal transmission that links to the insect’s locomotion...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:22

... like tau is involved in microtubule assembly It serves as a binding for the tubulin Mutations in α-synuclein lead to loss of this binding ability, resulting in tubulin and α-synuclein aggregation ... enhancing the activity of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and up-regulating cystine transport The upregulation in gammaglutamylcysteine synthetase activity facilitates the redistribution of GSH into ... pioneering study done by Zhang et al suggests that H2S could protect the brain against VD injury induced by cerebral ischemia reperfusion through inhibiting the apoptosis in the hippocampus They...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 08:17

... μl of the complexes containing μg DNA was used in each injection The rate of injection was μl/min and the needle was allowed to remain in situ for mins before being slowly retracted at the end ... gene therapy by increasing the expression of the transgene In addition, with their intrinsic anti-tumor activities, HDAC inhibitors also have the advantage to kill tumor cells more effectively in ... remain at large in terms of choosing appropriate MW PEIs and biodegradable linkages as well as designing the degree of cross-linking, the particle size and the surface charge of the resulting...

Ngày tải lên: 12/09/2015, 10:15

... constituent instead of sphingomyelin (PE-cer has phosphoethanolamine as the head group, instead of the phosphocholine head group in SM) [32] Despite having shorter fatty acyl chains (the longest being ... be studied using FCS These intensity fluctuations contain information which can be extracted by analysing the rates and the amplitudes of the intensity fluctuations and subjecting them to an autocorrelation ... tube The eppendorf tube was kept cold at °C in ice After collecting 10 larval brains, they were washed times with 200 µl of sterile-filtered HL3 containing 10 µg/ml of insulin The brains were then...

Ngày tải lên: 12/10/2015, 17:36

... represent the coding region and the noncoding regions of the planarian PHM cDNA, respectively; whereas the two flanking broad lines outside indicate the k ZAP II vector The two gray boxes in the planarian ... with the first ATG in the open reading frame The translation termination codon is indicated by an asterisk The sequence obtained by the first degenerate PCR is singly underlined, whereas the sequences ... animals by the time of the emergence of the Plathelminthes in the evolutionary history The eye of the planarian is one of the most ancestral and primitive types of visual systems in animals and is...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 15:20

... levels of nervous integration The major monoamine-containing neurons of the brain (see below) are found here Together, these regions represent the points of central integration for coordination ... attracted to the brain during periods of inflammation following either microbial infection or other postinjury inflammatory reactions The response of the brain to inflammation differs strikingly from ... Disorders) Norepinephrine There are relatively large amounts of norepinephrine within the hypothalamus and in certain zones of the limbic system, such as the central nucleus of the amygdala and the dentate...

Ngày tải lên: 12/07/2014, 20:21

... with certain brain tumors, especially for the very young Because of the rapid myelinization that occurs in infants, the finding by Noble and colleagues [1] of the adverse effects of chemotherapy ... Tests than children treated with chemotherapy alone (methotrexate injected either intrathecally (into the cerebrospinal fluid) or intravenously and intrathecally) This study and many Journal ... treated with high-dose intravenous methotrexate (5 g/m2) and also methotrexate injected into the brain cavities (intraventricular injection), together with other chemotherapy, but no radiation...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 18:21

... determine whether these findings resulted in functional impairment, they investigated the auditory brainstem response in the mice at various times following treatment Loss of myelin is known to increase ... studies The authors then examined the effects of 5-FU on adult mice They found an acute, transient increase in apoptosis in several brain regions, which subsided 56 days after injection They found ... increase the latency between specific peaks in the auditory brainstem response, reflecting slowing of the impulse conduction between the ear and the brain Exposure to 5-FU caused a progressive increase...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 18:21

... viral infections initiate the inflammatory process that somehow becomes self-sustaining [5] It is also speculated that there may be a genetic predisposition in certain individuals leading to ... Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing 100050, China Authors’ contributions GY wrote the initial draft WY drew the pictures WZ revised the draft SL described the MRI features GL provided the ... pathological diagnosis TJ was the surgeon and gave the final approval of the version to be published Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests Received: 18 May...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 02:20

... analysed using the integrated software of the instrument 27 2.2.7 Cell Lines and Cell Culture Sf9 insect cells were obtained from Invitrogen and cultured according to the manual’s instructions ... within the cell is reverse transcribed into double-stranded DNA which can then integrate randomly into the host cell genome The use of retrovirus vectors for gene delivery to the nervous system ... 1998) Even in the presence of peripheral infection with adenovirus, there is virtually no immune response in the brain following direct injection of “gutless” vectors in rats However, the high...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 11:28

... brief overview of the nervous system The nervous system is the most complex organ system in animals, and makes them distinguishable from other living organisms Because of the nervous system, animals ... domains, the nomamerbinding domain and the central domain, were found to carry specific affinity to the conserved nonamer and heptamer elements of RSS respectively In addition, the central domain ... substrate, X-gal The results from these studies were exciting Besides staining in the immune system, which was expected, X-gal staining was specifically detected in the brain and spinal cord among...

Ngày tải lên: 15/09/2015, 17:09

... cells in the nervous system, carrying out the fundamental tasks of receiving, conducting and transmitting signals Therapeutic protection of these cells is one of the main goals of gene therapy ... remove recurrent brain tumors, or to inject drugs with short half-life Gene therapy, on the other hand, can minimize this kind of damage Chapter Introduction to the brain by a single delivery of ... practically, the therapeutic gene is used to ameliorate diseases, either inherited or acquired, by enhancing, reducing or altering a particular gene expression in the target cells (Mountain, 2000) The...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 08:30

... target neurons in the tectum The Recombination activating gene-1 (RAG1) is expressed in the vertebrate immune system and in the nervous system, including the zebrafish visual system (Chun et ... guidance at the midline, Eph-Ephrins are also involved in creating patterned neuronal connections in the CNS and the peripheral nervous system Similar to the topographic mapping in the visual system, ... Wilkinson, 16 1999) The role of Eph-Ephrin signaling is well studied in the visual system (discussed in first section), but they are also known to be involved in axon guidance elsewhere in the nervous...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 08:31

... 26 injected intraperitoneally into the mice followed by injecting 100 μl of 0.4% trypan blue dye into the tail vein of mice In control mice, saline was injected intraperitoneally before injecting ... N-terminаl ѕequencing by Edmаn degrаdаtion The N-terminаl ѕequence of the recombinаnt ohаnin wаѕ АЅPPG, which correѕpondѕ to the N-terminаl of the nаtive protein except for the аlаnine thаt wаѕ in erted ... effects could prove to be the basis in not only understanding the receptor(s) involved in locomotion and pain sensations within the brain, but also into lead to the developing of future pharmacological...

Ngày tải lên: 16/10/2015, 15:35

... 9/20 The Central Nervous System Brain Stem The midbrain and hindbrain (composed of the pons and the medulla) are collectively referred to as the brain stem ([link]) The structure emerges from the ... Brain Stem The brain stem comprises three regions: the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla Midbrain One of the original regions of the embryonic brain, the midbrain is a small region between the ... feedback The output of the cerebellum is into the midbrain, which then sends a descending input to the spinal cord to correct the messages going to skeletal muscles The Spinal Cord The description...

Ngày tải lên: 25/08/2016, 13:53

... but not in the surrounding edema Although the morphologic findings of the supratentorial mass on conventional MRI were consistent with meningioma, the occurrence of the extensive edema and the MR ... metastasis in the left inguinal region Thereafter, FDG-PET showed total regression of the FDG uptake in the lymph nodes, which previously had shown increased uptake A planned MRI of the brain about ... radiation therapy against the intraspinal tumors was not possible The patient died two weeks after the detection of the intraspinal tumors At autopsy, lung metastases were found, but there was...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 03:20

... thezebrafish brain miR-181a providingthe the zebrafishbrain miR-153a usedfiguresinthe zebrafishnucleic miR-138 testother inthedpf information acid miR-137 expressionininthezebrafish brain about miR-135cexpressionthespecificity ... miRNAs1expressed in proliferating and/or differentiating cells in the developing and adult zebrafish brain miRNAs expressed in proliferating and/or differentiating cells in the developing and adult ... bottom right, in situ staining is in blue and cell nuclei are visualized with nuclear red counterstaining Abbreviations used in the Results section of the text are denoted in black For other abbreviations,...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:20