language variation with care
Tài liệu Intermediate Language Practice with key docx
Ngày tải lên :
20/01/2014, 07:20
... Vеrbs with thrее parts - Vеrbs with two parts: transitivе and insеparablе 156 Grammar30 iп, iпside,out, outside_ Еxprеssionswith iп - on _ Еxprеssionswith on _ _ аt, iп ot fo _ Еxprеssions with ... Сonditionals without if - If I were you,L 55 Gram m a r1 Wishes Wishes about thе prеsеnt _ Wishеs about thе past _ hope* If oпlу 58 Gra m m ar16 Passivе Passivе:form, usе _ Using bу and with - Sеntеnсeswithout ... stауing with |ill (in pтogrеssnoщ and will сontinuе) Sue hаs beeп stауiпg with IiП siпсe Mаrсh (in progrеssup to now, and may or may not сontinuе) Pтеsentсontinuous wtth аIwауs Wе сan luseаIwауswith...
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Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: "Large-Scale Syntactic Language Modeling with Treelets" docx
Ngày tải lên :
19/02/2014, 19:20
... Moses system of Section 5.3.3 with German as the input language For each language model, we took k-best lists from the baseline system and replaced the baseline LM score with the new model’s score ... only care about the sentences generated by our model and not the parses themselves We show in our experiments that the addition of data with automatic parses does improve the performance of our language ... discriminative language model with pseudo-negative samples In Proceedings of the Association for Computational Linguistics Adam Pauls and Dan Klein 2011 Faster and smaller n-gram language models...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Native Language Detection with Tree Substitution Grammars" pptx
Ngày tải lên :
07/03/2014, 18:20
... distributions of unbounded size with a dynamic parameter set that grows with the size of the training data One method of TSG induction is to represent a probabilistic TSG with Dirichlet Process priors ... Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing Sze-Meng Jojo Wong and Mark Dras 2011 Topic Modeling for Native Language Identification Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association ... total number of fragments in e− with the same root node as e P0 is As opposed to elementary tree, often used in related work a PCFG distribution over fragments with a bias towards small fragments...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "A Discriminative Language Model with Pseudo-Negative Samples" pptx
Ngày tải lên :
08/03/2014, 02:21
... achieves high performance with very few features We then examined the effect of PKI Table shows the results of the classier with rd order polynomial kernel both with and without PKI In this experiment, ... Discriminative n-gram language modeling computer speech and language Computer Speech and Language, 21(2):373392 Roni Rosenfeld, Stanley F Chen, and Xiaojin Zhu 2001 Whole-sentence exponential language models: ... Language Model with Pseudo-Negative samples We propose a novel discriminative language model; a Discriminative Language Model with PseudoNegative samples (DLM-PN) In this model, pseudo-negative examples,...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Improving Statistical Natural Language Translation with Categories and Rules" potx
Ngày tải lên :
08/03/2014, 05:21
... contain words with similar syntactic/semantic properties To arrive at WCs having both (method COMB), we determine TL WCs with the first m e t h o d and afterwards we determine SL WCs with the second ... probabilities, so that we finally need a language model p(ejle~-l), a translation model p(ej Id, Z) and a probability p(ejlEj) For p(ejle~ -1) we use a class-based polygram language model (Schukat-Talamazzini, ... those rules works in principle We arrive at a list of word hypotheses with probabilities for each position Neglecting the language model, the best decision would be to independently choose the...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Combining a Statistical Language Model with Logistic Regression to Predict the Lexical and Syntactic Difficulty of Texts for FFL" potx
Ngày tải lên :
08/03/2014, 21:20
... form with its lemma Such a view seems highly questionable for the majority of regular forms In order to settle this issue, we trained three language models: one with lemmas (LM1), another with ... more accurate image of everyday language, which is the language FFL teaching is mainly concerned with The frequencies were changed into probabilities, and smoothed with the Simple Good-Turing algorithm ... Criterion) of the model This can be obtained from: The language model: probabilities and smoothing For our language model, we need a list of French lemmas with their frequencies of occurrence Getting robust...
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Natural Language Processing with Python docx
Ngày tải lên :
15/03/2014, 16:20
... Natural Language Processing By “natural language we mean a language that is used for everyday communication by humans; languages such as English, Hindi, or Portuguese In contrast to artificial languages ... Natural Language Understanding We have been exploring language bottom-up, with the help of texts and the Python programming language However, we’re also interested in exploiting our knowledge of language ... programming languages and mathematical notations, natural languages have evolved as they pass from generation to generation, and are hard to pin down with explicit rules We will take Natural Language...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Enriching spoken language translation with dialog acts" ppt
Ngày tải lên :
17/03/2014, 02:20
... term to a dialog act specific language model Given sufficient amount of training data such a system can possibly generate hypotheses that are more accurate than the scheme without the use of dialog ... each of the four translation scores (phrase translation and lexical probabilities for the bilanguage) with the phrase penalty remaining a constant Such a scheme ensures that phrase translation ... predicted dialog act as the dialog act for the source language sentence We used the Moses2 toolkit for statistical phrase-based translation The language models were trigram models created only from...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "A Pylonic Decision-Tree Language Model with Optimal Question Selection" potx
Ngày tải lên :
17/03/2014, 07:20
... the test data with respect to the tree A comparison with the perplexity of a standard back-off trigram model will indicate which model performs better Although decision-tree letter language models ... well as interpolation with a standard trigram model eliminates the zero probabilities 2.2 T h e Hierarchical Classification of Words The goal is to build a binary tree with the words of the vocabulary ... can be initialized with classes based on parts of speech or meaning, thus taking account of prior expert information The approach is to construct the tree backwards Starting with single-word classes,...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Association-based Natural Language Processing with Neural Networks" ppt
Ngày tải lên :
17/03/2014, 08:20
... 2"~J " - ~ Figure 1: Kana-Kanji Conversion with a Neural Network are too simple to disambiguate between possible previous selections for the same homonym with respect to the context or between context ... kana-kanji conversion process reinforced with a neural network handler The network is used by the neural network handler and word associations are done in parallel with kana-kanji conversion The kana-kanji ... preferences of a user are reflected in the network • The correctness of the conversion is improved without high-cost computation such as semantic/discourse analyses Implementation The system was...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Discriminative Language Modeling with Conditional Random Fields and the Perceptron Algorithm" pptx
Ngày tải lên :
23/03/2014, 19:20
... sequence A Stolcke and Weintraub (1998) experimented with various discriminative approaches including MMIE with mixed results This work was followed up with some success by Stolcke et al (2000) where ... system, was used with a negative weight in combination with the baseline LM Chen et al (2000) presented a method based on changing the trigram counts discriminatively, together with changing the ... acoustic and language model scores in the original recognizer The new, discriminative language model constructed during training consists of a deterministic WFA which we will denote D, together with...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Integrating Natural Language Generation with XML Web Technology" doc
Ngày tải lên :
24/03/2014, 03:20
... stages which are language- specific (Wilcock, 2002) The Apache Xindice native XML database (Apache XML Project, 2003a) also runs as a web application in Tomcat, and can be used together with Cocoon ... include speech recognition, language understanding or dialogue management components 248 4.1 Input: an Agenda The starting point is an agenda, a set of concepts marked with Topic and NewInfo tags ... from there at 11:37 Conclusion The demonstration framework shows natural language generation techniques closely integrated with recent developments in XML web technology (Xalan XSLT processors,...
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LEADING WITH CARE how women around the world are inspiring businesses, empowering communities, and creating opportunity docx
Ngày tải lên :
28/03/2014, 19:20
... top LEADING WITH CARE captures the wisdom of women from the far corners of the earth who went from surviving to thriving The Institute for Economic Empowerment of Women, a partner with CARE, helps ... Empowerment of Women ‘‘LEADING WITH CARE provides readers with seemingly impossible accounts of women who glow by finding a way to succeed in the harshest conditions Brimming with inspiration of extraordinary ... children—who are our only hope Leading with Care For that very reason, many of the world’s largest corporations support CARE Having witnessed the lasting differences that CARE brings to communities in...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Arabic Language Modeling with Finite State Transducers" potx
Ngày tải lên :
31/03/2014, 00:20
... and re-estimating the language model Also, we will expand the language model to include more training data We will implement the model within an Arabic ASR system, with and without 42 A Berton, ... with each of the templates Some number of analyses result from each composition That is, a single template may not compose with the word, may compose with it in a unique way, or may compose with ... FSMs as finite state transducers with short vowel information encoded as part of the stem patterns We will continue to tune the language model by applying the language model weights to the decomposition...
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dialogue with bakhtin on second and foreign language dialogue with bakhtin on second and foreign language
Ngày tải lên :
01/06/2014, 01:10
... bond of an acid derivative by reaction with an alcohol ROH so that one of the products combines with the H of the alcohol and the other product combines with the OR group of the alcohol ALD Adrenoleukodystrophy ... covalent bond of an acid derivative by reaction with ammonia so that one of the products combines with the hydrogen atom and the other combines with the amino group of ammonia ammonotelic organism ... covalent bond of an acid derivative by reaction with arsenic acid H3AsO4 so that one of the products combines with the H and the other product combines with the 1^AsO4 group of the arsenic acid artefact...
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báo cáo hóa học:" Combined life satisfaction of persons with stroke and their caregivers: associations with caregiver burden and the impact of stroke" potx
Ngày tải lên :
20/06/2014, 15:20
... greater caregiver burden compared with caregivers in the satisfied dyads, indicating a potential vulnerability within the dyad and with the possibility of affecting the care recipient [1] Even the caregivers ... of the person with stroke or brain injury with their spouse [19,20] Both studies found similar results with approximately one third of the couples in agreement with being satisfied with their life ... aphasia Caregiver Burden scale (CBs) The Caregiver Burden scale [33] assesses the subjective burden of the persons assisting the person with stroke The scale comprises 22 items, dealing with the caregiver’s...
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First Certificate language practice with key 35 pptx
Ngày tải lên :
08/07/2014, 22:20
... T E L A N G U A G E P R A C T I C E 336 VOCABULARY ANSWERS 337 FIRST C E R T I F I C A T E 338 LANGUAGE PRACTICE VOCABULARY ANSWERS 339 FIRST C E R T I F I C A T E L A N G U A G E P R A C T I...
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First Certificate language practice with key 1 ppsx
Ngày tải lên :
08/07/2014, 22:20
... Publishers Limited Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 405 00765 without key ISBN 405 00766 with key Text © Michael Vince 2003 Design and illustration © Macmillan Publishers ... transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers Designed by Mike Brain Graphic Design Limited ... the train arrived, Susan managed to push her way to the front of the crowd - Past continuous used with past simple We often use the past continuous first to set the scene, and then the past simple...
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