language policy and politics

... Budget Office and the Budget Problem The Budget Problem: Funding Policies and Programs The Governor’s Budget and Policy Problems Policy Change and the Agenda-Setting Model PAS and State Policy- Making ... THE STATE LEVEL Politics and Progress in Controlling Pollution Evan J Ringquist THE POLITICS OF SIN Drugs, Alcohol, and Public Policy Kenneth J Meier ELECTORAL STRUCTURE AND URBAN POLICY The Impact ... budgetary politics and policy- making in state budget offices The data rendered in these chapters fills a significant gap in our understanding of state budget processes, and how budgeting and policy- making...

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 20:20

... pleasure will try to sustain and repeat it, and the creature who registers pain will try to reduce and remove it And in animal motion this is the very first endeavour, and found even in the embryo; ... evolution and the great break that appears to have occurred among anatomically modern human beings over fifty thousand years ago (Tattersall 2002).2 And it is a recurrent motif in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century ... speech and speech created thought.”3 But the idea appeared first in Hobbes and may ultimately derive from him He is the inventor of the invention of language He is the inventor of the idea that language...

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 12:45

... law and language policy in the United States / Bill Piatt p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8263-1373-6 (pbk.) United StatesLanguagesLaw and legislation Language policyUnited ... colonial and early national periods to establish English as the official language and create an academy to formulate language policies, the United States opted not to follow that course Language ... recognize language rights It considers sociological and political concerns We are asked to consider whether the American experiment with freedom and democracy, and our geographical and economic...

Ngày tải lên: 07/12/2015, 01:26

... (L), and bonds (B), and fmances itself with deposits (D) and CDs (C) The bank seeks to maximize: (1) Max rLL + r8B - rC, where rL, r, and rc represent the interest rates on loans, bonds, and CDs ... patterns between shifts in policy and changes in lending and output Unfortunately, the observation that changes in monetary policy are followed by changes in both loan quantities and economic activity ... monetary policy operates through standard interest channels to depress economic activity and to reduce the demand for credit Consequently, there can be an induced correlation between activity and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/09/2013, 05:46

... Conclusions and Recommendations 18 CPIA 20 Debt Thresholds and Indicators 21 Annexes Debt Indicators 23 Country Performance Ratings for 2003 25 List of References 32 ABBREVIATIONS CPIA Country Policy and ... of public and publicly guaranteed external debt to gross domestic product and to exports, and debt service on the same debt to exports to judge debt sustainability Country policies and institutional ... on the basis of the Performance Based Allocation System that uses the Country Policy and Institutional Assessment and governance rating of the country concerned The increase in grants has implications...

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 08:15

... the worth and rightness of political values and goals, as well as of the Wdelity, sincerity and eVectiveness of political actors and organizations who embody and pursue these goals; and, further, ... therefore the control of policy Political power is the power to determine policy and thus to dispose of social and material resources (including human beings) in certain ways and for certain ends ... seldom uncontested, and champions of Moral capital and politics 13 opposing ends and interests must be either accommodated, neutralized or defeated Though compromise is possible – and indeed sometimes...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 10:20

... Juniper® and Cisco Routing Policy and Protocols for Multivendor IP Networks Juniper® and Cisco Routing  Policy and Protocols for Multivendor IP Networks Walter ... Configuration L1_only3A and L1_only3B Configuration Viewing the Routing Table and Link-State Database L1/L2_3to1 Routing Table and Link-State Database L1_only3A and L1_only3B Routing Table and Link-State ... Routing Policy Notes Some Routing Policy Examples Regular Expressions and Routing Policy Chapter 16 IGP Routing Policies OSPF Routing Policies Setting Metrics on Redistributed Routes Type and Type...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 00:15

... balance and payments and budgets, the mix of loans and grants in its future financing arrangements, and the build-up of its repayment capacity relative to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and export and ... Countries: Proposal for an Operational Framework and Policy Implications by Mark Allen and Gobind Nankani, IMF and IDA, February 3, 2004 Debt Sustainability and Financing Terms in IDA 14, IDA, June 2004 ... discussed above and in Annex These were the PV of public and publicly guaranteed external debt to GDP, exports, and government revenue, and debt service on the same debt to exports, and government...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... policies and institutional capability and vulnerability to shocks are other factors identified as being important for assessing a country’s debt sustainability In particular, country policies and ... judged by the absolute amount or PV of debt outstanding as a ratio with GDP, exports or government revenue The second is a weak institutional and policy environment in the country which makes it ... debt distress and the debt thresholds for the chosen indicators are policy decisions that need to be made Footnote 19 in “Debt Sustainability in Low Income Countries” by Mark Allen and Gobind Nankani,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... resources, safety nets; and poverty monitoring and analysis; and • Public sector management and institutions, including property rights and rule-based governance; quality of budgetary and financial management; ... including trade policy and foreign exchange regime; financial stability and depth; banking sector efficiency and resource mobilization; competitive environment for the private sector; factor and product ... criteria used and the CPIA for 2003 • Economic management, including management of inflation and the current account; fiscal policy; management of external debt; and management and sustainability...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... considerations raise questions of why countries with similar institutional and policy performance as judged by the CPIA and similar per capita income levels receive IDA allocations on different ... allocations thereby weakening the desired relationship between institutional capability and policy performance and the allocation of funds In view of this, IDA management has proposed an upfront ... charges and commitment fees) materialize and upfront charges for grants are levied (to replace foregone principal reflows) it would reduce the need to harden the credit terms for both IDA only and...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... considerations raise questions of why countries with similar institutional and policy performance as judged by the CPIA and similar per capita income levels receive IDA allocations on different ... allocations thereby weakening the desired relationship between institutional capability and policy performance and the allocation of funds In view of this, IDA management has proposed an upfront ... charges and commitment fees) materialize and upfront charges for grants are levied (to replace foregone principal reflows) it would reduce the need to harden the credit terms for both IDA only and...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... experience and little applied knowledge (e.g., institutional development, gender equality, and labor-intensive growth) The United Nations has a stronger mandate to work in the political arena and assess ... stock and flow problems in formulating an appropriate borrowing strategy A high current debt service ratio combined with a low level of debt stock needs to be handled as a liquidity problem and ... lending and grants Given the importance of DSAs for each low income country in the application of the DSF and borrowing from the IMF, it is necessary that these be conducted in a collaborative and...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... credits and grants to low-income countries in ways that foster debt sustainability and achievement of the MDGs Recommendations also seek to address the need for borrowers to claim sufficient policy ... ratings and the inputs expected from and the involvement of national staff in the process There should be opportunities for the Bank to present their findings both to the country concerned and donor ... DSAs and consequently of government revenue in determining debt indicators and their threshold values Similarly, it is also recommended that studies be conducted on determining indicators and...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... single year from its earnings from goods and non-factor services c) Public debt outstanding to GDP or GNI ratio compares the total of domestic and external outstanding to the size of the economy Present ... proportion of exports of goods and non- factor services that are absorbed for debt service payments on both long and short-term debt Debt Burden Ratios a) The total debt outstanding to GDP or GNI ratio ... GNI ratio compares the amount of disbursed debt outstanding to the size of the economy b) The total debt outstanding to exports of goods and non-factor services ratio measures the ability of...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... commitment and public support and participatory processes through which the public can influence decisions Structural policies • Trade policy and foreign exchange regime How well the policy framework ... equal access to entry and exit in all products and sectors • Factor and product markets This item addresses the policies that affect the efficiency of markets for land, labor and goods Countries ... entry and banks’ total capital to assets ratio less than 8% Countries with high scores have diversified and competitive financial sectors that include insurance, equity and debt finance and non-bank...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... Serbo-Croatian; the Indic languages, such as Hindi, Gujarathi, Punjabi, and Urdu; Celtic languages; Greek; Baltic languages; and Iranian languages Asian and Pacific Island languages include Chinese; ... languages, Asian and Pacific Island languages, and All other languages between 1990 and 2000 The largest percentage increase of Spanish speakers was in the Midwest Asian and Pacific Island -language speakers ... Dravidian languages of India, such as Telegu, Tamil, and Malayalam; and other languages of Asia and the Pacific, including the Philippine, Polynesian, and Micronesian languages All other languages...

Ngày tải lên: 20/12/2013, 23:15

... remote OS installation ✦ Application options and policy (such as regional settings, language and accessibility, deployment, and more) ✦ Security options and policy ✦ Network access We are not going ... describes what the policy achieves and any instructions as to how to apply the policy, and even circumstances where you shouldn’t apply the policy The Group Policy Editor The Group Policy Editor (GPE) ... removal policy (which kicks in when policy is removed), and so on Click Apply and then OK when you are done 4667-8 ch11.f.qc 5/15/00 2:01 PM Page 411 Chapter 11 ✦ Change Control and Policy and Workspace...

Ngày tải lên: 21/12/2013, 05:18

... migration, the language communities appear to be stable.4 Table 34 summarizes immigration activity and language maintenance and shift of communities and immigrants Table 34: Immigration and Language ... nine individuals were obtained, mainly on language use and attitudes but also on language proficiency and marriage patterns Data and observations on language proficiency led us to further research ... questionnaires in our research: community questionnaires, language use and language attitude questionnaires, language access questionnaires, and language proficiency questionnaires We will discuss...

Ngày tải lên: 24/01/2014, 04:20

... departments, language centres and French -language degree programmes, instructor-researchers and student researchers, to develop teaching and research about French and in French, about its partner languages ... Research Network Sociolinguistics and Language Dynamics http://www.sdl.auf.org/  Inter-Network Collective on Language Didactics The French Language, Cultural and Linguistic Diversity The research ... in the legal and political sciences;  building up a French -language research area, both regionally and internationally, taking into account the wide variety of legal systems and standards that...

Ngày tải lên: 24/01/2014, 04:20