katz estimation of probabilities from sparse data

... Publishers, Inc., San Maeio, Cali- fornia. Slava M. Katz. 1987. Estimation of probabilities from sparse data for the language model com- ponent of a speech recognizer. IEEE Transac- tions on ... application of the estimation method. This was not feasible with the size of our corpus, and the rather noisy data we had. To avoid this problem, we obtained the set of pairs with high probability from ... deleted these pairs from the data base that is used by the estimation method, forcing the method to recover their probabilities using the other pairs of the corpus. The second set, of pairs with...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 07:20

... regulation of metabolism. Whereas the usual mechanism proposed for channeling is the (often) transient inter- action of sequential pathway enzymes, many of the supporting data come from results ... high degree of channeling of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (Fru1,6P 2 )toCO 2 (99 16% of the ux from Fru1,6P 2 channeled, P ẳ 0.005). This result requires that all of the downstream steps from Fru1,6P 2 to pyruvate ... rate of the evolution of 14 CO 2 from the earliest time point (see Results). Also recall from the Results that the CO 2 evolved from [ 14 C]glucose was strictly proportional to the total uptake of...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 18:20

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:22

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 21:24

... However, it is assumed that THE ESTIMATION OF R(t) FROM DISEASE OUTBREAK DATA 281 Figure 7. Residuals plots from OLS estimation applied to the SEIR-generated synthetic data s et. (a) Residuals versus ... number of the matrix χ( ˆ θ GLS , n) T W ( GLS )( GLS , n) is 9.2ì10 19 . Truncation of the data sets helped considerably with the GLS estimation process, THE ESTIMATION OF R(t) FROM DISEASE ... THE ESTIMATION OF R(t) FROM DISEASE OUTBREAK DATA 275 Figure 5. Model fits obtained using GLS on truncated influenza data from season 1998–99, weights equal to...

Ngày tải lên: 13/02/2014, 16:20

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:11

... behavior and reproductive health of men and women (11–13). Strengths and Limitations of the Data The data in this report come primarily from the most recent cycle of the NSFG conducted in 2002, ... numbers of pregnancies and education is also seen with number of children ever born (parity): 47 percent of college graduates 22–44 years of age were childless (nulliparous) at the date of interview ... race other than black or white. Use of Family Planning and Other Medical Services (tables 85–96) Tables 85–96 show data on a number of aspects of use of family planning services and other...

Ngày tải lên: 13/02/2014, 10:20

... The estimation of emissions largely depends on the quality of emission factors used for calculation. The study on the estimation of emission factors is important for calculating the emission of ... et al. [6]). The advantage of road tunnel studies is the low cost, and possibility of determining emissions not only from the engines, but also from evaporation of fuel. However, it is not ... emitted from diesel vehicles is higher than that from gasoline vehicles. In the research in HCMC, HDVs contribute only about 0.5% of the total number of vehicles, while according to results of...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 16:20

... permission of the publisher. First published 2006 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Taylor, P. (Paul), Dr. From patient data to medical knowledge : the principles and practice of health informatics ... transformation of clinical data into various forms of medical knowledge. In the third stage, the loop is closed and the knowledge obtained from the data is used to inform the management of future ... EHR: . Integration of information across different health care organisations . The use of routinely collected data as the raw material of medical research . The development of software that can...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 12:20

... in the ALT-J/E data, so this class was hand- checked, giving a total of 104 entries; 84 of these were attested in the training data. Our classification of countability is a subset of ALT-J/E’s, ... chose this be- cause of its good coverage of different usages of En- glish, and thus of different countabilities. The only component of the original annotation we make use of is the sentence tokenisation. Below, ... vs. the number of the head nouns of conjuncts (e.g. dogs and mud = PLURAL,SINGULAR) N of N constructions: 2D the number of the target noun (N  ) vs. the type of the N  in an N  of N  construction...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 06:20

... Al-Kofahi, J., and Nguyen, T. (2011). Fuzzy set and cache-based approach for bug triaging. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGSOFT symposium and the 13th European conference on Foundations of software ... on the analysis of concept drift in data streams and on the evaluation of learning under its constraints. We also show that for evolving issue tracker data, in a large majority of cases SGD Re- gression ... there are many sparse features, and is especially useful in learning from text from fast evolving data. The features such as unigram and bigram counts that we rely on are notoriously sparse, and...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 03:20

... Processing. Mercer Dekker, Inc., pages 651-699. Katz, Slava M. 1987. Estimation of probabilities from sparse data for the language model component of a speech recognizer. IEEE Transactions on ... estimating probabilities of English bigrams. Computer Speech and Language, 5:19-54. Dagan, Ido, Shaul Markus, and Shaul Markovitch. 1993. Contextual word similarity and estimation from sparse data. ... will be missing from any finite sample. Yet, the aggregate probability of all these unseen bigrams is fairly high; any new sample is very likely to contain some. Because of data sparseness, we...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 06:20

... value of 13 GPa has been extrapolated from experimental data. This agreement points out the utility of this ap- proach in estimating the strength of ordered poly- mers. The effects of molecular ... densities reported from this reference are cited at the glass transition temperature. Ref. 6. Internal data of The Dow Chemical Co. ESTIMATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS 1345 ... number for a series of different polymeric materials and related the brittle stress to the number of backbone bonds per unit area. Data from Vincent as well as data from this laboratory along...

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 00:20

... 0.18 Time (s) Measured data Extrapolated data (a) −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 kV 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 Time (s) Envelope from Hilbert transform Transient data (measured data- extrapolated data) (b) −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 Ln ... damping analysis Figure 2: Data flow and process diagram of the system damping estimation. or automatically [7, 14]. Once a single event of capacitor switching transient data, that is, three-phase ... the steady-state value (ideally zero). Thus, only a small number of data are utilized in order to depict the exponential satis- factorily: one cycle of data from the capacitor switching in- stant is generally...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 19:20

... University of Hong Kong as a Research Assistant from March 2001 to July 2002 and a Senior Research Associate from January 2005 to March 2005. She is currently an Associate Professor in the School of ... obtained his Ph.D. degree from the University of Hagen, Germany. From 1985 to 1987, he was a Diagnostic Engi- neer with the Control Data Canada where he designed the diag- nostic software to detect the ... invariance structure out of two t ime-delayed sets of data collected from vector sensor array. In that each incident source’s direction of arrival (D OA) coarse estimation is obtained through a vector cross-product...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 23:20

... Science of Learning from Data Databases Most studies design experiments or surveys to collect data to answer the ques- tions of interest. Often, though, it is adequate to take advantage of existing ... The Art and Science of Learning from Data Data Files To make statistical analysis easier, large sets of data are organized in a data file . This file usually has the form of a spreadsheet. It ... orders one copy of item 3 at a cost of $8 and two copies of item 5 at a cost of $6 each. At the end of the advertising period, you create a data file containing the orders (in dollars) of the 10...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 20:20

... InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/air-quality /estimation- of- uncertainty-in-predicting-ground-level- concentrations -from- direct-source-releases-in-a Estimation of uncertainty ... Source Data Meteorological Data Surface Parameters Other Data and Constants Height of stack (h s ) Ambient temperature (T a ) Monin-Obukhov length (L) Downwind distance (x) Radius of ... of the results obtained at ground level from the AERMOD equations using urban area emission data with Crystal Ball đ software. 2. Methodology This section provides a detailed overview of...

Ngày tải lên: 27/07/2014, 23:24

... those of class 1 due to the large quantities of dead wood. 4.3. Improvement of the estimation method at the whole forest scale The determination of age classes carried out using carto- graphic data ... particular O. Quidu from Inra Rennes; S. Didier, L. Gelhaye and C. Hossann from Inra Nancy; and the students from the University of Rennes-1. This work was financed by the GIP-ECOFOR and the Office National ... detailed sur- veys are often more accurate and do not require initial inter- pretation in terms of age or species. 5. CONCLUSION The estimate of the total stocks of the whole of Fougères for- est...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 00:22

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 01:21

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 18:22