joan robinson on marx s theory of value

... production that makes these phenomena essential elements for the social system s reproduction, so that their supersession is a necessary condition for the supersession of the system.59 It is in this ... differs from other works on this topic, whose focus is essentially the economic causes and consequences of crises The basic thesis is that, to understand the crisis-ridden nature of this system, one ... social reality which is seen as a complex of continuously changing processes;83 and the stress on contradiction as the characteristic of social processes and the concept of class as a process.84...

Ngày tải lên: 04/11/2014, 05:20

... discussion of other issues This makes it impossible simply to extract and present `Marx' s theory of crisis' This is hardly surprising, since for Marx the tendency to crisis was the culmination, ... abandoned the Marxist theory of crisis, seeing the crisis of the 197 0s not as an expression of the inherent contradictions of the capitalist mode of production, but as a transitional phase from ... difficult problems The first problem is that Marx does not offer us a theory of crisis as such The theoretical discussion of crisis in the works published in Marx' s lifetime consists of no more than brief...

Ngày tải lên: 08/01/2017, 19:43

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Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:18

... Schaum s Easy Outline: Trigonometry Schaum s Easy Outline: Business Statistics Schaum s Easy Outline: Principles of Accounting Schaum s Easy Outline: Applied Physics Schaum s Easy Outline: Biology Schaum s ... Production-Possibility Frontier Principle of Increasing Costs Scarcity and the Market System True or False Questions Solved Problems Methodology of Economics Economics is a social science that studies individuals ... SCHAUM S Easy OUTLINES PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Other Books in Schaum s Easy Outlines Series Include: Schaum s Easy Outline: Calculus Schaum s Easy Outline: College Algebra Schaum s Easy Outline:...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS come on this commodity Even if the price of salt were to rise substantially, households would reduce their purchases of salt little b The demand for stereos is elastic because stereos ... (sum of quantities demanded) / (sum of prices) / ED is a pure number Thus, it is a better measurement tool than the slope, which is expressed in terms of the units of measurement ED is always ... million units of food is thousand units of clothing The opportunity cost of a second and third additional million units is 2,000 and 3,000 units of clothing, respectively b The opportunity cost of...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... or False Questions ✔ Solved Problems Consumption Because consumption represents two-thirds of total aggregate spending in the U .S. , understanding the determinants of consumer spending is central ... shifts of the consumption function Shifts of the consumption function affect the level of consumption and saving The 45Њ line in Figure 4-1 is equidistant from both the consumption and disposable ... at disposable income of $500 billion, consumption exceeds disposable income, i.e., consumers are dissaving (Consumers can dissave by borrowing or by spending accumulated savings) Consumption now...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... disposable income is Since autonomous consumption is unrelated to income, autonomous consumption is $50 for all levels of income Induced consumption is the amount of consumption that depends upon ... receipt of income Consumption is $370 when disposable in- 44 PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS come is $400 Since $50 is consumed regardless of the income level, $320 of the $370 level of consumption is induced ... output as long as the receipts from selling output equal the payments made by businesses to the owners of economic resources and the owners of the business firms 48 PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Note!...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... and Markets Creation of M1 Money Supply Federal Reserve System Monetary Tools Open-Market Operations True or False Questions Solved Problems Functions of Money Money serves as a medium of exchange, ... not as easily implemented or as successful as first suggested Suppose a recessionary gap exists Will Congress and the administration agree on CHAPTER 6: Fiscal Policy 61 an immediate course of action? ... deposits (monetary ease) creates excess reserves and increases the amount of check-writing deposits issued by banks Similarly, an increase in the reserve requirement (monetary tightness) decreases...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... operation of the economy? Solution: An economic system is judged efficient when it achieves maximum use of economic resources and maximum satisfaction of consumer wants Financial instruments and institutions ... Population and Capital Accumulation ✔ Supply-Side Economics ✔ True or False Questions ✔ Solved Problems Concept of Economic Growth Economic growth is concerned with the expansion of an economy s ability ... funds borrowed from savers is used by business firms to add to the economy s capital stock This increases productive capacity d Since the profit motive guides the operation of financial institutions,...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... rest of the world is given by the value of its exports as a percentage of its GDP 94 PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS b The U .S is a nation of continental size with immense natural and human resources ... yearly summary statement of a nation s transactions with the rest of the world The balance of payments is divided into three major sections: (1) current account, which shows flows of good and services ... False Questions Solved Problems Basis of and Gains from Trade Thus far, we have assumed a relatively closed economy, or an economy isolated from the rest of the world In reality, most nations are...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... services of the factors of production it needs Implicit costs are the costs of the factors owned by the firm and used in its own production processes These costs should be estimated from what these ... of the last dollar spent on Y This occurs when this consumer spends her $10 to purchase 6X and 4Y because MU x of utils MU y of utils > Px of $1 Py of $1 b When Px = $2, this consumer purchases ... MUy of 13, or 13 utils per dollar Thus, she should spend her first dollar to purchase the first unit of Y and receive 13 utils of satisfaction Similarly, this consumer should spend her second,...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... How much is the consumers’ surplus? b Suppose the monopolist sold OA units at price OF In order to induce consumers to buy AB additional units, it lowers its price to OC only on AB units How much ... Consumers’ surplus is CGK b TR is OFHA (for OA units) plus AJKB (for AB units) Note that price discrimination has increased TR by CFHJ (and this is the amount by which the consumers’ surplus ... However, they also increase the firm s costs and shift the firm s cost curves upward While some advertising informs the consumer and product differentiation satisfies the consumers’ desire for variety,...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... functions of profits? b What are some objections to profits? Solution: a Profits serve as incentives for innovators to shift resources to the production of those commodities that society wants most, ... threat of a strike This is the most common method and is used primarily by industrial unions (i.e., unions of all the workers of a particular industry, such as automobile workers) Empirical studies ... Quotas, 90 SAC (short-run average costs), 107–109 152 PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Savings, 65 Scarcity, 3–5 market system, 7–8 Services, Short run, 105 Short-run average costs (SAC), 107–109 Short-run...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... consciousness, it is necessary to examine the distinction as it exists in our ordinary consciousness [14] I e the consciousness for which the problems are those of science as opposed to philosophy ... thus asserting that space is the form of phenomena, is clearly confusing this assertion with the assertion that space is a form of perception, and he does so in consequence of the first confusion, ... no way assists the explanation of the universal validity of geometrical judgements Kant 's argument really confuses a necessity of relation with the consciousness of a necessity of relation No doubt,...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 04:20

... element of G is an isomorphism of K/k Thus (K : k) ≥ order of G = n Our assertion is established Suppose K/k is a galois extension For every subfield L of K/k, the extension K/L is galois We denote ... Algebraic extension fields Conjugate elements Normal extensions Isomorphisms of fields Separability Perfect fields Simple extensions Galois extensions Finite fields ... classes of conjugate elements over k We then have 17 Algebraic extension fields 18 2) Each class of conjugate elements over k contains only a finite number of elements 20 Proof Let C be a class of...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 15:20

... spectral sequence ˆ ˆ Es,t = H s (G, πt X) ⇒ s+ t H(G, X), which converges conditionally in the sense of [1] In Section below we give a slightly different construction of this spectral sequence ... empty set The product category I (n) is a strict monoidal category under component-wise concatenation of sets and maps Concatenation of sets and maps according to the ordering of (n) also defines ... surjective, since the square is a pushout Hence, the homology sequence associated with the short exact sequence of complexes 0→C →C→C →0 shows that C → C is a quasi-isomorphism And by construction, some...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 15:21

... the situation is its inconsistency’, and ‘a truth does not draw its support from consistency but from inconsistency’.3 To think the being of a situation as inconsistent rather than consistent is ... From this perspective the rebellious masses could be understood as the historical materialization of inconsistency In the first of Badiou s major works, Theory of the Subject (1982), the masses figure ... situation What figures as nothing or ‘void’ will thus present inconsistency ‘according to a situation’.7 In the situation of set theory (the situation that presents or counts instances of counting as...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 13:20

... finite set of symbols, the series of substitutions s, s2 , s3 , cannot be all distinct Suppose that sm+1 is the first of the series which is the same as s, so that sm+1 = s Then sm ss−1 = ss−1 ... product of any two of the N substitutions is again one of the substitutions of the set Moreover the above reasoning shews that the result of performing successively the substitutions corresponding ... determination of the orders of its operations and of their distribution in conjugate sets; determination of all of its sub-groups and of their distribution in conjugate sets; its representation as a...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 19:20

... productivity decreases with stress (distress) as an activity in which an individual is able to accomplish the task assigned to him/her of stress, thereby implying a positive linear successfully, subject ... branch offices were opened From then to now, LIC has crossed many milestones and has set unprecedented performance records in various aspects of life insurance business The same motives which inspired ... pressure 15 20 Health 31 5 Total 80 80 Source: Self prepared questionnaire and field survey Table 7: Analyze the Stress Level of Employees on the Basis of These Factors S No Contents Life Insurance...

Ngày tải lên: 09/07/2014, 08:25

... in Section 4, we present the molecular expansion of some of these species It consists of a descriptive classification of the unlabelled structures in a given class in terms of elementary species ... -graphs must be treated separately There is a basic species relationship which permits the expression of the unrooted species in terms of the rooted ones It plays the role of the classical Dissimilarity ... Finally, let us consider the species Ca of cacti which is of the form CB , where B = k≥2 Pk is the species of polygons By convention, a polygon of size is simply an edge (K2 = E2 ) See Example...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 08:20