its structure and function in regulating successful life span development

... considered a minimal number of interactions in an agricultural system In the future, much more complex interactions operating in agroecosystems will certainly be revealed, and their structures and functions ... Centre of Finland Institute of Crops and Soil Science Jokioinen, Finland Kaija.hakala@mtt.fi Daming Huang Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Tsinghua University Beijing, People’s ... and agrochemicals The use of intra- and interspecific interactions and interactions between organisms and the environment, such as climatic factors and soils, are given little consideration in...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20

... many purposes, including providing a source of wood for burning and building, securing emergence fodder, providing a microclimate, and improving diversity and connectivity in the landscape (Joenie ... cannot be appreciated; in this context, bioindicator-based studies are invaluable for assessing changes and evaluating benefits Assessing rural and industrial landscapes and contaminated sites along ... the landscape mosaic structure, the presence and fragmentation of margins, and management of different parts of the agroecosystems contained in the landscape Comparing different landscape units...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20

... (Fischer and Stocklin, 1999) Habitat fragmentation combined with changes in grassland management and the landscape context have resulted in significant increases in local species extinction and loss ... 56 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN AGROECOSYSTEMS DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT REFERENCES Bakker, J.P and Berendse, F 1999 Constraints in the restoration of ecological diversity in grassland and heathland ... Fischer and Stocklin (1999) used botanical survey data collected in 1950 and in 1985 to investigate rates of local extinction in remnants of extensively grazed calcareous grassland in Switzerland...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20

... yields and weed interference are affected by changes in cropping management, including tillage methods, the timing and rates of herbicides, cover crops, and planting patterns (Swanton and Murphy, ... factors driving population change At any given point in time, the state of a given weed population can be defined in terms of its spatial limits, its total size, its density, and its composition ... are continually being introduced into agricultural environments, both inadvertently by industry and consciously by seed firms, few alien species succeed in establishing themselves as damaging weeds...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20

... the increase of both crop and livestock production The use of intra- and interspecific interactions and interactions 920103_CRC20_0904_CH05 98 1/13/01 10:48 AM Page 98 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN ... in grasslands and then compare them with the corresponding budgets in upland and paddy fields Surveys of energy and matter budgets in a grassland have been carried out at the National Grassland ... Grasshopper-mantis model (Levins and Vandermeer, 1990) There are two kinds of competitive grasshoppers and one kind of mantis H1, H2, and C indicate the numbers of the two kinds of grasshoppers and mantes, respectively...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20

... grasslands/rangelands With continued human population growth, there will be increased demand for milk and meat, resulting in even more intensive grassland utilization Greater intensity of grassland ... nutrients, and climate A grassland ecosystem is inherently “leaky”: at a minimum, energy and nutrients move in and out More likely, individual organisms move in and out as well Within each grassland ... web, and utilization of biological interactions and carbon cycling in tropical interactions will lead to a sustainability of grazing land resources Producers in tropical grasslands are mainly...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20

... 10:54 AM Page 152 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN AGROECOSYSTEMS DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT efficient mutualists In their work on understanding rotation effects on yield decline and the involvement of AM ... thereby reducing inoculum densities (Kabir et al., 1999) which in turn may result in a decrease in seedling establishment during the following year Depending upon the crop, climate, and rainfall patterns ... greater need to begin to reexamine our reliance on high input agriculture methods (Swift and Anderson 1993) and to expand upon our understanding of the roles and ecology of AM fungi in a greater variety...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20

... factors that determine their existence in the field Given results and hypotheses may be helpful in understanding and predicting the behavior of natural enemies in upcoming sustainable agroecosystems ... habitat and share resources in the single season 96 240 267 229 307 68 Kudzu vine (1984 in Matsudo, Chiba) Kudzu vine (1987–89 in Togane, Chiba) Glory-Bower (1998 in Togane, Chiba) Cherry (1994 in ... whereas in five western states and provinces Typhlodromus occidentalis predominated When crop protection practices including sprays were discontinued, more species were observed in the orchards, and...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20

... dispersal, rain dispersal, and insect transmission of inoculum Wind Dispersal Airborne spores may travel intercontinentally and cause disease thousands of miles away from the original infection For instance, ... 1987), in 1975 the area of jarrah forest affected by P cinnamomi was estimated at 282,000 increasing by 20,000 per year In this area, several Pinus and Eucalyptus species were growing Since its introduction ... in the long run, species not affected by herbicides may predominate, resulting in a change in weed community structure In Australia, an introduced strain of P chondrillina was pathogenic against...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20

... the alpine meadow husbandry by modeling an alpine meadow grazing ecosystem THE OBSERVATIONAL SITE OF AN ALPINE MEADOW GRAZING ECOSYSTEM FOR A MODELING APPROACH AND ITS NATURAL CONDITIONS Alpine ... of the QingZang (Tibet) Plateau, especially in the east and on high mountainous ranges Amounting to 16 million ha, alpine meadows cover 40% of the grassland in Qinghai Province The alpine meadow ... the continuous grazing in SA, SB, SC, SD, and SE paddocks The liveweight dynamics of Tibetan sheep are shown in continuous grazing (f ) and rotational grazing (g) in SA, SB, SC, SD, and SE 920103_CRC20_0904_CH12...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20

... 276 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN AGROECOSYSTEMS DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION Pesticides play a major role in controlling insect pests and weeds and have brought about sustained high yields and ... in rain and air are very seasonal and are correlated to local use The highest concentrations in air and rain usually occur in the spring and summer months, coinciding with application times and ... minor portion wets the growing weeds and the crop directly Depending on its physicochemical properties, a fraction of the applied active ingredient may remain longer in the upper soil layer and...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20

... excreted N in urine; Sears et al., 1948) However, as a general principle, the concentration returned depends upon the concentration in the food ingested In the case of the N in urine and the P in dung, ... 300 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN AGROECOSYSTEMS DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT Table 14.2 Typical Application Rates of Nutrients (kg ha؊1) Contained in Single Urination or Defecation Events Sheep Cattle Urination ... 302 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN AGROECOSYSTEMS DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT of experiments under grazing The arguments for changes in N cycling revolve in part around the well-documented decrease in N...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20

... parts of some alpine grassland zones The famous Hulunbuir Grassland, Xilingol Grassland, and Horqin Grassland in Inner Mongolia, and Altay Grassland and Yining Grassland in Xinjiang, have extensive ... plant debris and organic matter The structures were stable even upon soaking and shaking in water In contrast, structures were mostly prismatic and large, and there were fewer organic binding materials ... under certain conditions EFFECT OF GRAZING ON SOIL PROPERTIES IN STEPPE ECOSYSTEMS There are mainly two uses for natural grasslands in Inner Mongolia, namely, grazing and mowing Grazing has existed...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20

... microbial community, and the ecosystem as a whole plays a seminal role in buffering against disturbance and in maintaining healthy links between plants and soil The soil itself is the agroecosystem ... STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN AGROECOSYSTEMS DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT reducing the direct impact of rain on the soil, increasing aeration, and improving drainage Conversely, compaction of the soil increases ... being to maintain productive output Some degradation is both inevitable and acceptable in these systems, with different soil types and climate zones being able to withstand varying levels of intervention...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20

... initiation, development and heading, followed by flowering, grain filling and finally grain maturity Grains are composed mainly of carbohydrates which are derived from two sources: those stored in the ... crops (Kobayashi and Horie, 1994) In both FACE and control plots, grain number increased linearly with increasing N uptake during vegetative development (from transplanting to flowering; Figure 18.8a) ... the increase in grain yield due to FACE with increasing N uptake was due to the increase in crop biomass rather than HI An increase in grain number was the major contributor to the yield increase...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20

... CLIMATIC CHANGE IN FINLAND 411 years of sowing (1992 and 1994) The increase in yield in higher temperature was only 15% in the second growing season in 1993, but 65% in 1995 (Hakala and Mela, 1996, ... the sink size can increase in balance with photosynthesis Increase in sink size takes place mainly through an increase in the number of ears and thus number of grains per m2 The way to obtain marked ... sown directly in the field The sowing density of wheat was 600 germinating seeds mϪ2 in 1992 and 500 in 1993 and 1994 The sowing density of meadow fescue was 1250 germinating seeds mϪ2 in 1992 (first...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20

... understanding the mechanisms and modes of actions involved in xenobiotic induced injury, a betterment of our comparative understanding, and ability to investigate and interpret hepatotoxicity in ... concentration in the exposure bath, and imaging depth in vivo (e.g., how deep into the tissues you are imaging), were each found to influence and define the digital image information captured in vivo, and ... for investigating blood to bile transport, IHBPs, EHBPs and intestinal lumen 10–50 μM 7-Ethoxyresorufin DMSO 30/45 In vivo imaging of CYP1A activity Uptake via gill, in vivo metabolism in gill and...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 13:20

... the structural and functional determinants of the protein–protein interaction between v-KIND and MAP2 (i.e the MAP2-binding core module in v-KIND and the v-KIND-binding core module in MAP2) across ... very-KIND-MAP2 interaction v-KIND KIND2 KIND2-1 KIND2-2 KIND2-3 KIND2-4 KIND2-5 A 620 521 555 488 589 EGFP EGFP-KIND2-1 EGFP-KIND2-2 EGFP-KIND2-3 EGFP-KIND2-4 EGFP-KIND2-5 EGFP-KIND2 EGFP-KIND1 ... deletion of RasGEF; KIND1, KIND1 domain; KIND2, KIND2 domain (B) KIND2 domain anchors v-KIND to dendrites Flag-tagged v-KIND, DKIND1, DKIND2, DKIND1 + 2, DRasN, DGEF, KIND1 or KIND2 together with...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 19:20

... X-ray structure with °C NMR structure using the main chain of residues Ser12fiThr70 in the structure alignment (B) Overlap of the X-ray structure with the 30 °C NMR structure using the main chain ... Ser12fiThr70 in the structure alignment (C) Overlap of X-ray structure of TmAFP with the NMR structure determined at 30 °C using the main chain of residues Gln1fiGly80 in the structure alignment Fig Insect ... be interesting to determine whether the insect AFPs Asn residues are also somehow involved in ice binding Both sbwAFP and TmAFP have a capping structure at one terminus In the case of sbwAFP,...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 16:20

... rigid capsules, capsule glands and albumin glands are present in a complex of pallial glands These differ in their origin and function (Chukchin, 1984) Oviductal glands in octopus secrete an adhesive ... complicated than in females, especially because of the greater number of accessory glands involved in spermatophore formation ARKHIPKIN: Reproductive System Structure, Development and Function in Cephalopods ... short life span inhabiting various environments in laying portions of their total fecundity periodically Asynchrony in gonad development and accumulation of portions of mature oocytes in the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 16:20