it s so taxing real estate assessment and taxes

... in Function Real Estate has multiple functions Consumption: Real Estate is Used as Shelter (a place to live) Real Estate is Used as “Great Outdoors” Production: Real Estate is Used as a Direct ... there was land … Why Should We Study Real Estate? – Real estate is an asset – If we take finance classes, don’t we know how to price this or any asset? – The answer: Not Exactly Real Estate is different ... many respects from stocks and bonds in regards to its: – – – – Function Size (which creates different financing options) The asset structure itself (the real option) Institutions Differences in...

Ngày tải lên: 23/12/2013, 06:18

... Home s Equity 96 Bring in Partners 97 Second Mortgages 99 Personal Savings 100 Sell Unnecessary Assets 100 Down-Payment Assistance 101 Easy Money—Hard Terms 101 Use Credit Cards 105 Personal Loans ... They’ll learn some valuable lessons about real estate renovating and investing Section 1031 Exchanges In addition to buying and selling a series of personal residences tax free, you can also sell your ... easy, but it s worth it! it s worth it! Set Goals Now What s a realistic dream? It s a goal with a deadline To get started now, act now to reset your priorities Most of us squander our time and...

Ngày tải lên: 08/05/2014, 09:51

... treated as exogenous Two possible sources of selection bias are considered in this essay First, it is possible that house sellers located close to the landfills might be choosing to sell their ... 1.7 Assessing endogeneity and sample selection bias Two major concerns are addressed in this section: first, the possibility that the real estate variable is endogenously determined, and second, ... Excess Surplus D1* D φ = offer θ = bid Figure 1.2 Expected hedonic price function with excess surplus without a real estate agent It is expected that the excess surplus increases with distance...

Ngày tải lên: 03/06/2014, 02:21

... Motivations for the book This book is designed to address the quantitative needs of students and practitioners of real estate analysis Real estate is a truly multidisciplinary field It combines specialities ... portfolio strategy, valuations, risk assessment and development feasibility In performing these tasks, objective analysis, systematic relationships and greater sophistication are essential The present ... this chapter The demand for real estate analysts with at least basic skills in modelling is growing Producers of forecasts are a source for this demand, but so are users or consumers of forecasts...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... the series using a small number of summary measures This section discusses the quantities that are most commonly used to describe real estate and other series, which are known as summary statistics ... are the first and second moments of a distribution, respectively, and the (standardised) third and fourth moments are known as the skewness and kurtosis, respectively Skewness defines the shape of ... Regression analysis is almost certainly the most important tool at the real estate analyst s disposal What is regression analysis, though? In very general terms, regression is concerned with describing...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... rent series from a number of real estate consultancies The employment series is that for finance and business services published by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) Assume that the analyst ... of the standard errors with the sample estimated versions induces another source of uncertainty, and also means that the standardised statistics follow a t-distribution with T − degrees of freedom ... (4.27) s is also known as the standard error of the regression or the standard error of the estimate It is sometimes used as a broad measure of the fit of the regression equation Everything else being...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... is based on the difference between the RSSs The statistic is test statistic = RSS − (RSS1 + RSS2 ) T − 2k × RSS1 + RSS2 k (6.56) where RSS = residual sum of squares for the whole sample; RSS1 ... residual sum of squares for sub-sample 1; RSS2 = residual sum of squares for sub-sample 2; T = number of observations; 2k = number of regressors in the ‘unrestricted’ regression (as it comes ... F-test formula discussed in chapter The restricted residual sum of squares in (6.56) is RSS, while the unrestricted residual sum of squares is (RSS1 + RSS2 ) The number of restrictions is equal to...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... decisions? How can we use the approach of cross-sectional analysis? The short answer to these questions is that cross-sectional analysis should be seen as another tool at the analyst s disposal ... out White s test Due to the small number of observations and the large number of regressors, we not include cross-terms (the products of pairs of regressors) The test is presented below Unrestricted ... stochastic processes; ● identify the appropriate time series model for a given data series; ● distinguish between AR and MA processes; ● specify and estimate an ARMA model; ● address seasonality within...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... United Kingdom and Australia – and the focus is on securitised real estate returns We now briefly discuss how time series models are employed in these studies Tse (1997) Tse applies ARIMA models ... the absence of a comparable securitised real estate series in the United Kingdom, they splice two Financial Times real estate indices and derive a series that starts in January 1969 and ends in ... data of interest using as few parameters – i.e as simple a model – as possible A parsimonious model is desirable for the following reasons ● The residual sum of squares is inversely proportional...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... commercial real estate, even in those countries with long histories Data availability therefore limits the usefulness of cointegration in real estate More and more real estate studies now use cointegration, ... cannot be expressed as an autoregressive process Thus the series yt would in this case have some very undesirable properties Conversely, if one tries to detrend a series that has a stochastic trend, ... January 2007, reserving the last six months for forecast assessment We evaluate two sets of forecasts: dynamic VAR forecasts and forecasts conditioned by the future values of the Treasury and corporate...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... space Since commercial real estate prices 412 Real Estate Modelling and Forecasting cover offices and shops, the author aggregates financial and business services sector GDP (as the users of office space ... process in the real estate industry and highlight key issues, for forecasters and users alike This discussion also benefits from the experience of the second author in this field Forecast adjustment ... in real estate occurs at the end user stage as well as at the production level It seems that both internal end users (that is, other business units within the organisation) and external users...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... markets Investors are interested in establishing possible systematic relationships and studying the sensitivities of real estate variables in these markets to their drivers Investors would also ... out this analysis, however, and, as such, its application to real estate is restricted Goodwin (2005) also raises the issue of who should combine the forecasts He suggests that the process is more ... bridged, and discuss the forecaster s responsibilities and how to get management to use the forecasts Drawing on Bails and Peppers’ and other studies, a number of suggestions can be made Real estate...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... Gauss LIMDEP QMS Software Aptech Systems Econometric Software Matlab RATS SAS Shazam Splus SPSS The MathWorks Estima SAS Institute Northwest Econometrics Insightful Corporation SPSS Stata TSP StataCorp ... uninteresting features Noise exists in real estate data as well, despite their smoothness, and sometimes it is transmitted from the financial markets We would consider real estate data noisier than ... first section of the chapter discusses the concepts of stationarity, types of non-stationarity and unit root processes It presents several procedures for unit root tests The concept of and tests...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 00:20

... the series using a small number of summary measures This section discusses the quantities that are most commonly used to describe real estate and other series, which are known as summary statistics ... are the first and second moments of a distribution, respectively, and the (standardised) third and fourth moments are known as the skewness and kurtosis, respectively Skewness defines the shape of ... Regression analysis is almost certainly the most important tool at the real estate analyst s disposal What is regression analysis, though? In very general terms, regression is concerned with describing...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 00:20

... explanation, consider two extreme cases: RSS = TSS ESS = TSS i.e ESS = i.e RSS = so so R = ESS/TSS = R = ESS/TSS = In the first case, the model has not succeeded in explaining any of the variability of ... some s Thus the F -test approach to hypothesis testing is also termed restricted least squares, for obvious reasons Further issues in regression analysis 125 The residual sums of squares from ... squares, R2 = ESS TSS (5.26) Further issues in regression analysis Figure 5.1 R2 = demonstrated by a flat estimated line 117 yt – y xt but, since TSS = ESS + RSS, it is also possible to write R2...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 00:20

... decisions? How can we use the approach of cross-sectional analysis? The short answer to these questions is that cross-sectional analysis should be seen as another tool at the analyst s disposal ... out White s test Due to the small number of observations and the large number of regressors, we not include cross-terms (the products of pairs of regressors) The test is presented below Unrestricted ... stochastic processes; ● identify the appropriate time series model for a given data series; ● distinguish between AR and MA processes; ● specify and estimate an ARMA model; ● address seasonality within...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 00:20

... United Kingdom and Australia – and the focus is on securitised real estate returns We now briefly discuss how time series models are employed in these studies Tse (1997) Tse applies ARIMA models ... the absence of a comparable securitised real estate series in the United Kingdom, they splice two Financial Times real estate indices and derive a series that starts in January 1969 and ends in ... data of interest using as few parameters – i.e as simple a model – as possible A parsimonious model is desirable for the following reasons ● The residual sum of squares is inversely proportional...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 00:20

... other models, as the statistics take the smallest values Forecast evaluation 293 9.3.2 Model-based versus consensus forecasts Tsolacos (2006) assesses whether consensus forecasts in the United Kingdom, ... periods beforehand) The loss function charts the ‘loss’ or ‘cost’ associated with the forecasts and realisations (see Diebold and Lopez, 1996) Loss functions differ, as they depend on the situation ... using statistical loss functions such as those described above It is not necessarily the case, however, that models classed as accurate because they have small mean squared forecast errors are useful...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 00:20

... least squares (ILS), two-stage least squares (2SLS or TSLS) and instrumental variables – are detailed here Each of these are discussed below 10.6.1 Indirect least squares Although it is not possible ... impossible to say which equation is which, so, if a real estate analyst simply observed some space rented and the price at which it was rented, it would not be possible to obtain the estimates ... of OLS to structural equations that are part of a simultaneous system will lead to biased coefficient estimates This is known as simultaneity bias or simultaneous equations bias Is the OLS estimator...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 00:20

... the series using a small number of summary measures This section discusses the quantities that are most commonly used to describe real estate and other series, which are known as summary statistics ... are the first and second moments of a distribution, respectively, and the (standardised) third and fourth moments are known as the skewness and kurtosis, respectively Skewness defines the shape of ... Regression analysis is almost certainly the most important tool at the real estate analyst s disposal What is regression analysis, though? In very general terms, regression is concerned with describing...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 07:20